Student at Drexel University Essay Example for Free

Student at Drexel University EssayWhile the Philadelphia Museum of Art may not house virtually of the more famous artwork from the Baroque period, their acquisition of Poussins Birth of Venus was nothing short of a savvy purchase. Hungry for Western currency, the pic was sold by the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg in 1930 under the Soviet Regime to the PMA. In their possession is arguably one of the most hotly debated works from that era. Also aptly named The Triumph of Neptune and Amphitrite this picture not only highlights Poussins trademark ability to aloneow for an open interpretation of his depictions just also encourages an allegorical analysis of the many elements present in his composition. The very ambiguities of this painting, and his others, emphasizes Poussins capacity to express the concepts or overall ideas of things and events themselves date not concentrating on the minutia while still allowing for translation. Before one can cost an iconological interp retation of Poussins work, one must also understand his betimes training, influences and subsequent ideology to grasp his use of deep symbolism and line. In his early c arer working with Italian poet Giambattista Marino, Nicolas Poussin was commissioned to illustrate Ovidian poetry subsequently establishing the ideals of Metamorphoses themes and motifs prominent in The Birth of Venus.36 This was also important in evolution his ability to intimately tie literature to painting.1 Poussin grew to heavily favor Disegno over Colore, or design over color which can be seen in all of his works36. His ideology proposed that design, form and line were more important than the colors and dcor of the traditional Baroque french art of the time. This very dogma split French Renaissance Art 200 years after his death in which factions of his study (Poussinistes) proposed that drawing was superior to color (Rubnistes)6. Poussinsholistic and classical attempt was his attempt to reach the highest a im of painting the representation of the magnificent. He intended to only focus on great events, battles and divine matters. In this way, Poussins make full on Roman Classicism eventually contributed to the aesthetic style of Grand Matter36.His method of Ideal or Heroic Landscape, which drew upon the perspectives of rhetoric, utopianism, drama and metaphysics allowed him to coherently make elements as seen in the Birth of Venus. The very nature and composition of Poussins works highlights the realm of Baroque Classicism in which the arrangement of the carnal is paramount to reflecting the rationality of an ideal and eternal world. His fascination with god and mythology sans Christianity also can be seen in his rejection of Neoplatonism and his use of Epicurean interpretation5. Indeed, Poussin was not the first artificer to depict Venus physica (terrestrial Venus). Nearly a century and a half prior to Poussins painting, Italian painter Sandro Boticelli composed a similar paintin g also named The Birth of Venus (1485)6. While there are some similarities to Boticellis painting, Poussins succeeds a more Epicurean interpretation rather than a Neoplatonistic one. In addition, 20 years after Boticellis work, another Italian painter created another piece of art that depicts Venus in a elan more similar to Poussins (The Triumph of Galatea)6.The Birth of Venus by Boticelli (1485)The Triumph of Galatea by Raphael (1514)Both of these paintings, while somewhat similar, only reinforce some of the symbolic clues left by Poussin in his own depictionThe Birth of Venus or The Triumph of Neptune and Amphitrite by Poussin (1635) As we gaze over Poussins work of art we notice a great many things. First and foremost, as we know of his attention to localisation, the nerve centermost and brightest subject is of a nude female deity. A time-frozen, windswept pink shroud is cast upon her naked body while she rides on top of dolphins harnessed by her and the cupid-like boy under her. Poussins placement of Her is crucial because it highlights Her very significance in the scene she is centered as her male counterpart is seemingly subordinate and pictoriallyoff to the side. Around her are Tritons and Nerreds and above are cupid-like babies adorning her with thrills. The inspiration for the placement and formation of the goddess can be seen by the earlier paintings of Boticelli and Raphael. In each painting the deity in the center is shielded by a billowing cloth of pink/red. In addition, Poussin chose to have the woman deity ride in on dolphins similar to that of Raphaels composition.Because there are two official names for this painting, one thing must be addressed before moving on, Is this a depiction of the contain of Venus or the triumph of Amphitrite?. Amphitrite is the Greek ocean-goddess and wife of Poseidon while Venus is the Roman goddess of love, two different characters that share no parallels. There is some kindle evidence to support that the pa inting is indeed Venus birth. In both The Triumph of Galatea and The Birth of Venus, Venus is not only riding on dolphins but also has her son Cupid below her also harnessing the sea beasts3456. Furthermore in Boticellis painting and in Poussins, the woman deity is being adorned with myrtle, the flower most commonly associated with Venus, goddess of love myrtle too is a symbol of love6. Additionally, Poussin employs his knowledge of Apulerius in Metamorphoses or The Golden Ass of which the story describes Venus as being accompanied by a band of fellow beings singing and blowing horns24.The comparison between the Apulerius text and Poussins painting are fascinating, there are a band of fellow beings surrounding Venus in the form of Tritons and Nerreds, two of which are blowing horns. In Metamorphoses, Apulerius merely depicts the triumph of a Venus while Poussin paints her genesis2. Seen in the warm clouds above, riding on a chariot in the sky by six doves is the infant form of Venu s. On her journey to institution she encounters transformation which is signified by the dark storm clouds above. This is painted to contrast the entire tone of the painting so markedly that it bears a special meaning. Poussin over again employs his usage of literary interpretation in the form of Lucretius didactic poem De rerum natura or On the Nature of Things4. In this poems prologue, there lies a single significant line Te dea, te fugiunt venti, Te nubile caeli Adventumque tuum. This translates to Thee, goddess flee you, the wind, cloudy skies, and your arrival. 4 Which means that the winds and clouds part in anticipation of a goddess, shown in the picture. In Poussins depiction, he portrays Venus as being propelled by thewinds just as in Boticellis work.These pieces of literary and visual evidence provide basis that the central female deity in Poussins painting is in fact Roman goddess Venus. To the left of Venus is a male deity riding on hippocamps or seahorses, it is not ea sily discernible however if he is to be depicted as Neptune the Roman god of freshwater and sea or Poseidon, Greek god of the ocean. Both counterparts are known as god of the horses and horse tamer respectively and each wields a trident6. In regards to the berth of the painting, Poussin uses the method of Ideal Landscape6 in which he represents the locale but not exactly. It was important that the setting did not exactly reflect or imitate a real place in its entirety but to highlight the divinity, magnificence and importance of the event or subject in an effort to not bother the audience. However, Poussin did provide a small piece of evidence in the form of a spilling vase at the base of the painting. This could symbolize a river near a cragged island in the Mediterranean. Evidence has shown that the archaeological site of Paphos (a mountainous island of Cyprus) is near the mouth of the Bocarus River which could very well be the paintings setting 45.Works Cited1 Janson, Anthony. Jansons History of Art . eighth ed. Pearson, 2011. Print.2Moore, Brooks. Ovids Metamorphoses. 1st. New York, NY Marshall Jones Company, 1933. Print.3 Nicolas Poussin Biography. Nicholas Poussin The Complete Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug 2013. .4 Phelan, Joseph. Poussin and the Heroic Landscape.ArtCyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug 2013.5 Sommer, Frank H. . Poussins Triumph of Neptune and Amphitrite A Re- Identification. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 24.3 (1961) 323-327. Print.6 Verdi, Richard. Nicolas Poussin. Encyclopedia Britannica. .

Diary on Elizabethan Times Essay Example for Free

Diary on Elizabethan Times EssayToday I was filled to the top with euphoria because mother promised me she would take m to capital of the United Kingdom for my birthday. I woke up abnormally early and washed my face with cold water and put on my favourite polka-dotted dress. I fixed my bed sheets and sprayed a small amount of perfume onto my clothes. I glanced at my pocket watch and found that it was already five oclock it would take two hours to sting there. I raced down the stairs and shoved a few spoons of rice into my mouth and sprinted back upstairs to awake my sleeping mother. My mother took an everlasting period of clock to get ready and when she did she started putting make up on.Whilst I was waiting I was reading a book about the history of London and how enthalpy the Eighths palace was there. When my mother had finally got ready, we clambered into the awaiting carriage it was pulled by a beautiful, black mare, who, before I climbed into the carriage, stroked. When we arrived at London I was greeted to the pure tone of fresh baked bread, but I also heard screaming and shouting. As we drove past I felt sick and turned green, it was fairness day and someone was being executed. Their intestines had just been ripped out and the mans face had a look of pure terror.His intestines were probably the last thing he saw. I turned away. These people were barbaric. As we passed my mother ordered the driver to stop and I opened the door and found myself looking at St. Marys of Bethlehem, I had always wanted to come here. As I entered I could hear laughter, I turned round the corner and found myself staring at bounce peasant. At first I was extremely confused, and then I saw the people poking them. Anger boiled in my stomach, people were provoking the low-down people by hitting them with sharp sticks forcing them to dance. I had had enough.I stormed back to the carriage fuming and my mother gave me a strange look. She told the driver to go somewhere, I cou ldnt hear her because she was whispering, and the man grinned. The man was driving, I didnt know where to, I was lost in my thoughts of anger. But when the man did stop I was shocked to drive myself in front of The Globe, the most famous theatre in the world. I raced over and hugged my mother as hard as I could she laughed and kissed me on the head. We held workforce and sauntered into the theatre. My mother paid two one penny pieces and we walked into the theatre. We then watched Romeo and Juliet.

The ideal teacher Essay Example for Free

The ideal teacher EssayWhat characteristics should a teacher possess? What Makes a Good Teacher? Video Effective Teacher An effective teacher can be seen in the following video Introduction What does being a teacher mean? Having a vocation for the teaching profession. Being dedicated. Being surrounded by a large number of diverse students, each with their have baggage and unique character. Knowledge 1st Characteristic of an effective teacher Should be transmitted in a unique and fun manner. hotshot should bowel movement from the known to the unknown. It is not how much maven knows, but how much one can deliver.Knowledge comment 1 At a particular Boys field of study alternative School, it was noticed that the boys had a low IQ. A highly motivated Maltese teacher used a practical example to help them learn. He compared the Maltese language to a cocktail. The different drinks symbolized Italian, Arabic and English. As a result the children remembered the exampl e more. Adaptation 2nd Characteristic of an effective teacher One should get to know ones students to cater for them accordingly. Scaffolding activities accordingly, ensures maximum learning.The wise adapt themselves to circumstances, as watermoulds itself to the pitcher Chinese Proverb environment 3rd Characteristic of an effective teacher Creates a non-threatening and welcoming environment. Environment Observation 1 A Maths lesson in a Boys Area Secondary School The teacher greeted the students by the words hurry up because you are wasting precious time. The students were not very friendly towards her and imitated her. Whilst going come out of the closet for recreation these students were heard echoing the teachers words to their peers who dawdled on their way out. Theory of Observational Learning The students picked up theteachers habit and used it to their advantage. This can be applied to Albert Banduras theory of observational learning.Theory of Observational Lear ning Bandura established 4 steps Attention characteristics instilled in spite of appearance a person that result affect the way in which he is influenced. Retention the cogency to remember what one sees and transforms it into visualizations or verbal expressions. Reproduction the ability to transform what one has retained into definite behaviour. Motivation one has to be given a reason or incentive to reproduce what he has spy and retained.Organisation Good Organisation 4th Characteristic of being an effective teacher Having good organisational skills. In order to keep the students focused, the explanation should be in series(p) to avoid confusion. The teacher should always follow a lesson plan.Blooms Taxonomy for Learning Domain The last two domains Synthesis Evaluation focus on the importance of having a lesson plan as a guidance for the lesson. Importance of a Lesson Plan A lesson plan is important to make the lesson sequential. to ensure the objectives dev ised were reached. to valuate whether students understoodor not. Conducting a Lesson The teacher starts off the lesson by correcting the home work, the students participate and say their answers. Introduces the topic that will be tackled. The teacher may compose down some notes on the whiteboard. Class work is given so as to make sure that the students understood the topic. Organisation Observation 1 A particular maths teacher at a girls school, applied very good organisational skills in her lesson. She stated the aims of the lesson at the beginning of the lesson in a very clear way. She managed to do all the things she hadplanned. On repeated observations, it was noted that she always had a well-planned lesson. Students were always motivated to learn. Organisation Observation 2 Another class that was observed in the same school was a Maltese literacy class. It aids students who find it difficult when it comes to reading and writing. She involved the students by pet ition them to continue reading from where she stopped and corrected them wherever they made a mistake. At the end, she gave them some pages to read at home. Classroom Layout 1 In the prior incidents mentioned, the desks wereneatly placed and organised in twos. Students can help each other with any difficulties they might have. The teachers desk was facing the students desks. On some occasions, the teacher may still need to separate desks to avoid misbehaviour and interruptions before starting the lesson. Classroom Environment When students are already inside the schoolroom, the teacher should make his / her presence felt. On the contrary, when students change class, the teacher can alter the classroom layout to suit his/her approach to teaching. Disorganisation When the teacher is disorganised he/she willnot be able to deliver a well-balanced lesson. This was noticed in an observation where the class only managed to read a small paragraph from a textbook throughout two who le double lessons. The rest was random, out of point discussions. There was poor classroom concern together with a lack of discipline. Observation Disorganisation During a Home-Economics practical session a disorganised teacher was observed. The teacher did not guide and measure out the students. They ended up asking each other what to do next and did not learn any skills. Discipline Behaviourism Constant motivation iscompared to behaviouristic psychology researched by B. F. Skinner. He called his research The Operant Conditioning Theory. Theory states that a particular behaviour can be increased by electropositive / negative keeps (praise / punishments).Bad Discipline Observation Ineffective Teacher Observation A particular teacher, instead of correcting the students in a gentle manner and explaining what was wrong, the teacher sent the students out of class together with their desk and chair. It was observed that most of the teachers reprimanded the students when ever they got something wrong. Students are demoralized and in consequence show no interest in learning. Albert Bandura passim our observations, one thing was particularly noticed. When a teacher scolds students, their actions turn out to be counterproductive as that same action is repeated by the students. This is indorse up by the Social Cognitive Theory researched by Albert Bandura. The Bobo-Doll experiment Children imitated what was seen both verbally and physically. Influential Teachers A teachers behaviour contributes to classroom management .Henry Adams once stated A teacher affects eternity one can never tellwere the influence stops. Good Discipline Observation Effective Teacher 5th characteristic of being an effective teacher Keeps the same discipline methods with all students regardless of their gender, race, ability or religion. Positive reinforcement praises students and corrects their mistakes. Greets the students. Prepares the things needed for the lesson beforehand and waits for the students to settle down. Goes around the students to check whether everyone is paying attention. Removes distracting materials much(prenominal) as any irrelevant writing on the board will be rubbed off.Communication of Ideas 6th Characteristic of being an effective teacher Ability to communicate ideas effectively. This is done through the use of a variety of resources. This is explained in asa dulcis Blooms book Taxonomy of Learning Domains. Resources Motivation A teacher should always motivate students in a fun way that is what keeps them going Albert wit once said It is the supreme art of a teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. Observation During a science lesson, one of us observed one such characteristic, The science teacher used a variety of interestingresources such as PowerPoint presentations Worksheets Information handouts Textbooks These resources enabled students to be intense and motivated. Importance of Resources Something commonly observed Very few teachers made use of resources, Most of them used the traditional resources white board and textbooks, Students ended up worldly and disinterested throughout the lesson. Edgar Dale In the 1960s he put forward the theory Students retain more information by what they do as inappropriate to what they hear, see or observe. He devised the Cone of commence. Learning by doing is nowadays known as experiential learning. Cone of Experience Ineffective Resource 1 Textbooks By time, textbooks become outdated. This means that more money has to be forked out by the school and parents to update them. Textbooks should be used as a reference for studying, revising or even further notes. Ineffective Resource 2 Whiteboard Teachers still rely on such a sole type of pedagogy application, DisadvantageThe teacher may not write clear and big enough for the students to read, There can be cases of impairment eyesight problems. Positive Environm ent7th Characteristic of being an effective teacher The ability to create a positive classroom environment. A positive classroom environment is boosted further by use the appropriate type of humour at the appropriate time. Humour Teachers should foster the praxis of using humour as it is an effective technique. This removes any tension in the relationship between the teacher and the student. This leads to a better performance in the students academic life. prohibit Attitude Students will learn less if the teacher uses a negative attitude towards them. This includes factors such assarcasm. Sarcasm Sometimes teachers confuse good supposition with sarcasm. The use of sarcasm may harm the teacherstudent relationship since what some think as funny others may find to be offensive. Sarcasm is humiliating for students. What makes a bad teacher? Video Ineffective Teacher An ineffective teacher can be seen in the following video Conclusion A teacher should be a life-long learne r which is committed to the teaching profession striving to reach and teach students. Plato claimed that The direction in which education starts a man will determine his future life.

The Libertarian Manifesto By John Hospers Philosophy Essay

The Libertarian Manifesto By John Hospers Philosophy EssayThe Libertarian Manifesto by John Hospers is aroundthing that is equated with the ethical job surrounding the distribution of wealth, amongst opposite things. Hospers (1996) argues that when it comes to the distribution of income, quite a little should fend for themselves. He opposed arguments such as an admonition to feed the hungry because in the libertarian world, aridness simply would not happen (Hospers, 1996). Hospers (1996) begins his article by noting the definition of libertarianism, which is that people have a right to make their have decisions and lead their own lives, as long as their decisions do not interfere with anyone elses life.There is a problem as it respects the distribution of wealth, but for the libertarian it is not a problem. The individualist has a right to decide what he or she wants to do. Hospers (1996) ideas, and the ideas of many libertarians, are equated with the concept that every man s et up fend for himself, and in the end, everyone will scotch exactly what they want. Hospers (1996) remembers that the right to private property is basic. On some level, one might equate his ideas to natural rights ethics. Clarke Linzey (1996) write The idea of natural rights implies that there is an requisite human nature which determines this status and a moral order government the relations of human existences as such, independently of the laws of all particular societies (598).The ethical regularise used by Hospers (1996) in respect to wealth distribution would be that it is permissible to follow ones desires and not to worry about others in society. This is because they have their own paths. That is, it is not an obligation for society to take care of everyone in its midst. The duty is for the individual to be accountable to himself. Yet, it is also true that there are interactions surrounded by people. Hospers (1996) provides examples of situations in respect to how one should act, and certainly, the society is accountable to the individual on some level not to influence things too very much. For the libertarian, it is scant government that is the scoop out government. Hospers (1996) writes Government is the most dangerous institution known to man (27).The factual claims made by Hospers (1996) are associated with observational and historical facts. Nothing he says can be proven, but anecdotal evidence is used to support the authors registers. A student asks whether or not Hospers position meets the fourth criteria for valid theory, which are unity and coherence, rational justification, plausibility, and usefulness.First, it should be said that the theory is coherent, and while it is largely consistent, it is difficult to be fatten outly consistent with the notions in libertarianism. There are exceptions. Hospers (1996) writes about independence where people have a right to do and say as they like, but even freedom of speech has limits. He wr ites Indeed, the right to property may well be considered second only to the right to life. Even the freedom of speech is limited by considerations of property (Hospers, 1996, 25). He goes on to explore other issues and provides examples of when people cannot say what they like (Hospers, 1996). musical composition the theory is consistent, there are exceptions to everything and this muddies the waters.One can take things further by examining contemporary examples. For instance, people believe that they have the right to free speech. Hospers (1996) says that people cannot shout obscenities in a church because the property is not designated for that purpose. Enter property rights. Yet, in society like a shot, people do have a right to their opinions. At the same time, with the political correctness movement, people are not entitled to utter certain things without their rights being challenged by the law. If someone utters a derogatory racial remark and ends up in a fight, he can be charged with a hatred crime. On some level, this is thought control. As abhorrent as ones thoughts might be, the idea to outlaw certain forms of speech and not others imposes limits, thus challenging some pure libertarian notions. While this idea does not take away from the validity of the position, it certainly challenges its consistency.Is the position rational? It is a reasoned argument. In fact, the article provides much support for the premise, and the support is based on logic. Ethical criteria are included and the author does make a sound ethical arguments that are also plausible. While the points are well reasoned, the argument at the end of all of this is whether or not someone can allow poverty to exist in a world of plenty. The libertarian provides a what if argument. In other words, the libertarian claims that if things were a certain way, there would be no poverty, but the world is not completely libertarian so the point is moot. Poverty persists, so while the argumen t may be sound in this what if scenario, it does not address solutions for the status quo. What does one do with the poor today?Usefulness is another issue. If one is not operating in a libertarian world, the theory is only useful if the world were that way. Theoretically, Hospers (1996) provides an excellent paradigm, but it may not be possible to achieve his ideas in reality. In the United States, different ideas are supported and compromises are made. Hospers (1996) brand of libertarianism could not flourish in this style of situation. Similarly, in totalitarian regimes, there is much too much force in play to go from such a model to one of complete freedom. Libertarianism is a sound theoretical model, but it is unknown whether or not it could ever be successfully implemented.

Down Syndrome Children Interaction with Family and Peers

pour down Syndrome Children Interaction with Family and Peers pull down Syndrome Children Interaction with Family and Peers Group Literature Review.Manissha KaurNicole Li XianNirmaljit KaurShakila Binti Shamsudin mass syndrome is the just about frequently identified genetic arrive at of mental retardation (Sherman, Allen, Bean Freeman, 2007). It is the prominent root of medical conditions and specific birth defects (Sherman, et al., 2007). It is caused by the malsegragation of the chromosome 21, where there is a third copy of the chromosome (Sherman, et al., 2007). Down syndrome cannot be cured, but it can be diagnosed at an early stage itself during pregnancy. There are several ways of find outing Down syndrome, which usually can be identified by the babes physical features and intellectual disabilities. Many early intervention programs, treatments and facilities comport been provided for the families and caretakers to help them with the electric shaver with a down syndrome. People with Down syndrome have physical features that can be identified. The physical features that are normally notified are the flat nose, the folds in the corners of their upward slanting eyes, and the small mouth with a flat roof that makes the tongue stick out somewhat (Barlow Durand, 2012). Down syndrome does not have specific psychological problems but they are still susceptible to having mental health and behavioural issues. In a research d star, it was shown that they are prone to problems like depression, anxiety and obsessions (Spendelow, 2011). by from psychological and cognitive issues, Down syndrome is also vulnerable to many medical issues, like heart disease and dementia (Zigman Lott as cited in Spendelow, 2011). In this paper, we entrust be looking at the fundamental interactions of the family and mates with the down syndrome nestlingren.According to Fogel, Greenspan Harris, Kasari, Sigman Marfo, Cynthia, Dedrick, Barbour Marcheschi, Millepiedi, Bargagna P ino Sander Sroufe Venuti, de Falco, Giusti, Bornstein, as cited in Falco, Venuti, Esposito, Bornstein (2009) parents association is as crucial to the early gain of churlren with specialordinary needs as it is for youngsters experiencing ordinary advancement. As in our perspective, parents are suggested as the majority of the obligations regarding their children to develop mentally. It is exceptionally essential for a child to invention out how to correspond with others, as it is one of the principle methodologies to trade feeling and sentiments.A common youngster may postulate on how to confer as it creates a more established interaction rather than a futile Down syndrome youngster. Concerning this, parents should take more activity to allow them to figure out how to indicate and impart their insights. According to Bornstein, Putnik, et al. Martin, Clements, Crnic Weinberg Tronickas, as cited in Falco et al., (2009) down syndrome kids expresses emotions through their voice s, activities whereby folks are able to enamour their young people, guide and maintain girlish attention, and build the state of mind of expectable dyadic companionship.According to Falco et al., (2009) the study designed on 44 parentschild dyads, 22 children were first conducted with 10 minutes of moving picture as the observations of mental developments of their children. After that, the children were given age-appropriate toys, the parents ( fuss-child and baffle-child) were asked to play along with them by using those toys, and their emotional evaluation was recorded and analysed by the video observations. The parents were asked to play individually and together later on, to investigate the gender differences, which focus on emotional evaluation to the Down syndrome children.The results show that during the chronological age of the child, the responsiveness and involvement showed irrefutable effect on the father side rather than the mothers. As such, it may be the case that discerning the uncommon child rear requirements of their youngsters. Fathers tailor their association style considering their children passionate trades. The moderate level of strength confirms that the child emotional availability, which is additionally identified with singular parental intuitive style, that is well-nigh likely due to the historical backdrop of the parental-child relationship. Children with Down syndrome in the study landed at a sufficient level in responsiveness, which showed that they were generally positive and enthusiastically receptive. This does not include their childhood where they demonstrated less clear happiness or adaptation of a situation with more response than being anticipated ideally Biringen et al., (1998). Dyads were similarly conveyed over bunches for the both mother and father relationship with their children.Dealing with Down syndrome children may need extra understanding and extra efforts to bring out their emotional expression as Down syn drome children may not indicate interest by their facial expressions, however they keep their feelings or interest to themselves (Falco et al., 2009), we must handle our children with care especially if they are mentally challenged.It is an undeniable fact that the development of language involves the negotiation between two individuals. Down syndrome individuals are also bound to have difficulties in communicating with typical individuals. Parents play a significant role in early intervention of Down syndrome individual. According to a research that was done, both fathers and mothers display different levels of interactions among typical children and Down syndrome children. Graham and Scudder (2007) have stated that the development of both verbal confabulation and sign language in Down syndrome children highly depends on both the parents of the child.Both Graham and Schudder have videotaped the interactions of a father and mother with their twins where one child is a Down syndrome , and the other a typical child. The mother of the twins chose to be videotaped when she took the twins out for a walk solo and the mother with both the children reading books. The father on the other hands chose to be videotaped when he bathed the twins one at a time and when he play chase-and-tickle with the twins.As a result, both twins had almost three times more birdcallizations when interacting with their mother. The twins were more vocal with their mother when they were with her alone, but were more vocal to their father when they were together. It has also been noted that the mother used more sign language towards the Down syndrome child and more verbal interactions with the typical child. In contrast, the father did not show sign language but used verbal interactions with both the children.The factors that were taken into consideration is the surrounding situation in the house as the mother would not have free time to spend with the Down Syndrome child as she has seven ch ildren to look after. The parents would also have been more unadventurous about their behaviour as they were conscious that they were being videotaped. As a conclusion, this study has showed that both parents play significant roles in the development of the childs language.Apart from what is explained above, the other part of a family that plays an equal vital role in the life of a person even a Down syndrome child are siblings. Based on the research by Rampton, Rosemann, Aimee, Latta, Mandleco, Roper Dyches (2007) siblings of children that are down syndrome preferred to take photographs of CWDS(children with down syndrome) simply because some of them implied that they could now identify and understand people who had disabilities. The siblings also mentioned during the experiment that they like their sibling, which has disability and that some they makes them a better person. Even though the central focus of this research was on the siblings of children with Down syndrome, this po sitive affection, love and care does affects the child that has Down syndrome as they too have feelings and are as human as a typically develop child. This clearly shows that siblings are important in the life of a Down syndrome child. The age group difference brings another aspect to the research as age differences delivers different results.Saying this, based on Rampton etc. (2007), siblings at the age of 7-9 years old are more involved in the supremacy and triumph of themselves as they are in the industry vs inferiority stage as seen in Eriksons theory. They tend to take more photos of themselves rather than the CWDS. In contrast, siblings at the age of 13-15 years old are more engaged with the CWDS as they tend be more likely to provide attention and continue towards CWDS than the younger children as the older sibling have greater than before obligation to be concerned for their siblings. One can come up to the conjecture that siblings do play an importance on the life of a D own syndrome child as the siblings to express care and love towards their siblings that has a disability.The other interaction that plays yet another significant role in Down syndrome children lives are peers. Peers, as we are aware off, play an equal important role whether in a typically functioning child or a child with disability. Based on the research conducted by Guralnick, Connor Johnson (2009), the social contacts with peers for children that are Down syndrome is relatively rare. Only a lesser amount of children are capable to form real camaraderie and the large amount of children tend to fall back alone and into aloneness which leads them to make a choice to play unaccompanied rather with peers. Postulating from the above content, one may tend to assume that a Down syndrome child might face challenges to interact with a peer Guralnick, Connor Johnson (2009). On the contrary, according to Iarocci, Yager, Rombough McLaughlin (n.d) Down syndrome children have been, portraye d as friendly with their peers, well behaved in societal condition and relatively energetic in fitting together in a peer group.In conclusion, children who have Down syndrome have limited form of communication as compared to a child who performs normally and having said that, children are still able to interact with their families even given at a borderline scale. It is difficult for them to go out to the society, as they might be bullied or worst still they are unable to voice out or suffer as their physical movements too are challenged. Families of Down syndrome children are urged to always keep an eye on their children like a shadow. It is important for parents to know their whereabouts and have a close relationship with them to enable good rapport. There is no cure for Down syndrome and more research ought to be conducted on how to bring more new and effective insights for Down syndrome children, which may prove to be more helpful.ReferencesBarlow, D. H. and Durand, V. M. (201 2). Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach (6th ed.). USA. Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning.Falco,S.D., Venuti,P., Esposito,G., Bornstein,M.H. (2009). Motherchild and fatherchild emotional availability in families of children with down syndrome. Parenting Science And Practice, 9,198-215. doi10.1080/15295190902844381Graham, T. K., Scudder, R. R. (2007). Parent interactions with twins who are developmentally different A case study.Communication Disorders Quarterly,28(2), 107-115. Retrieved March 11, 2014 from http//web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/emailprotectedvid=5hid=114Guralnick, M, J., Connor, R, T., Johnson, L, C. (2009). Home-based peer social networks of young children with down syndrome a developmental perspective. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil, 114(5) 340-355.Iarocci, G., Yager, J., Rombough, A., McLaughlin, J. (n.d). The development of social competence among persons with down syndrome across the lifespan from selection to social inclusion. Retrieved Ma rch 10, 2014 from http//autismlab.psyc.sfu.ca/sites/default/files/documents/iarocci_etal_2008_social_competence.pdfRampton, T,B., Rosemann, J, L., Latta, A, L., Mandleco, B, L., Roper, S, O., Dyches, T, T. (2007). Images in life Siblings of children with down syndrome. Journal of Family Nursing, 13(4), 420-442. doi10.1177/1074840707308580Sherman, S. L., Allen, E. G., Bean, L. H. and Freeman, S. B. (2007). Epidemiology of Down syndrome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13,221227. doi10.1002/mrdd.20157Spendelow, J. S. (2011). legal opinion of mental health problems in people with Down syndrome key considerations. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 306313. doi10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00670.x

Cultures And Values In Human Society

Cultures And Values In Human SocietyCulture is the essential portion of the humans decree. Every person is spending his or her animation within a certain heathen friendship. It frequently defines what kinds of person a man or woman is and what determine will they afford. Does the cultural milieu have a cultivate nitty-gritty on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology? Let us discuss this topic measuring rod by step.To understand it better, we stick out at first define what the cultural environment is and what influence it has on throng within it. The very nature of the cultural environment is cultural and social aspects. It is could also be called a social context and many durations milieu. It is a cultivation of a society or a stem where a certain person is living or getting an education it is institutions and people who interact with a certain human. By fundamental interaction we can mean non only unalike types of ain communicati on (like on a workplace, in class, with neighbors etc.) people could also communicate with each other by means of different communicational media (like ph adept, internet, spic-and-spanspapers, television etc). In spite of non personal type of the communication, people whom a man or a woman meets in internet can have an influence on his or her values and point of view. Also television and other mass media form our perception of life and other people little by little. This type of interaction we can call one look or anonymous. It does not always imply the equating of the social status. Thus, the concept of a social environment is wider that the concept of a social circle or a social class. Nevertheless, it is joint that those people who have the same social environment start having a sense of solidarity. They easily help and trust each other also they tend to create a social group. As a result, those people will always have a similar way of thinking and similar patterns even if they make different conclusions.It shows us that people depend on society and culture around them very much whether they recognize this fact or not. Let us curtly define what culture itself is. It is going to help us understand what kind of imprint it has on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology. on that point is plenty of information about culture and different consequences of it. It is impossible to transmit a culture through genealogy. Culture is not something innate culture is something that everybody should learn. contrasting take c bets of it argon interrelated a culture is spread by those people within a group. Nowadays different cultures could easily exist within a country side by side (like it commonly happens in African countries). According to Hoebel (1960), the definition of a culture is following The integrated sum count of learned behavioral traits that are manifest and shared by members of society. According Lawton (1975), cul ture includes age grading, religious rituals and athletic sport. According to Frow (1995) there are traditional differences in task and doing business were breaking down and this meant that standardization rather than adaptation is becoming increasingly prevalent. Probably, a culture is one of the most square environmental variables that should be considered within a global marketing. Often a culture could not be freely overlooked it often hiding from a view. Culture consists of some elements they are language, aesthetics, religion, values and attitudes, education, social organization and material culture. It is necessary to discuss briefly every element of it.Material culture includes communications, power, transportations and others. nomenclature is the next aspect of culture. It is a reflection of the values and nature of a certain society group. It could be sub-cultural languages, for example, dialects in some countries it could be two or even more languages. Aesthetics includ es art, dancing, arts-music. It concerns good taste, beauty, form and color of it. Education, as it is easy to check up on, includes the transmission of ideas, attitudes, skills and training in certain disciplines as well. Moreover, education serves as a transmitter of cultural and social values. Sometimes a child was introduced to the cultural value by school or later by university. organized religion gives the humans behavior the best insight and as well it helps us to answer different questions, for example, why people behave n this way and not in another.We can see that culture is a complicate conception it includes different aspects. What can we say about values conception? What is commonly meant by values? Shortly, by values a person may mean something that is really matter to him or her. It is beliefs and ideas somebody holds as special. Social and cultural environment forms ones values. Home, church school there are just some places where people could study values that ar e common for everybody within their cultural environment. Teachers, friends, parents are forming our personal system of values from day to day. As a result we have personal values. Arts et al. (2003) summarized that they consist of something that we accepted from people around as and that part that came with our own life experience. It is too compulsory to accept everything a person is hearing around him or her nevertheless, values of cultural environment around us has its strong influence on our own system of values.Now, when we recognize what values, culture and cultural environment commonly mean we can examine the direct effect that the cultural environment has on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology.Before discussing the influence of a cultural environment on a person according to anthropology let us briefly mention the definition of the erudition. Saying shortly anthropology is the inquiry of humanity. Its origins throw back in the social c ognitions, inwrought light and humanities. The term itself is taken from the ancient Greek language and has two parts man and study or discourse. The matters of anthropology are how do people behave, what are their physical traits, why we can see differences and variations between groups of people, and finally who was the ancestor of the modern humans. Anthropology is commonly divided in to four fields they are cultural, or social, anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology and biological, or physical, anthropology. We can see that anthropology itself is the science that studies social and cultural values, differences, origins, roots etc. Thus, it is important to talk about the influence of culture environment according to this certain science.According to anthropology, a culture could be seated deeply unprepared person could take some type of a culture like something senseless, strange and even cruel. Let us give an example. According to the Muslim culture a woman must co ver her face with yashmak and hide herself from any alien. Nilaweera Wijetunga (2005) emphasized that this custom could appear strange and senseless to any person from Europe, United States or numeral other countries where people flaunt a womans form openly. Here is another example of the opposite culture. In some African countries (like Congo, Kenya etc) women do not wear top cloths. Oyeshile (2004) explained this fact that according to their culture, their traditions and according to their hot climate they do not consider the top of the female body something that they should cover or hide. There are legion(predicate) other different examples of things and customs that are unacceptable and even criminal in one part of the world at the same time at another part of it people consider it the culture and commonly do it.Summarizing this short extract we can see that cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for anthropology. Continue the two examples a bove, a woman from the African country where there is not common or compulsory to cover her body with upper wear have values that are different from the values that are precious for a woman from a Muslim country. If those women could try to explain themselves their culture, values and reasons why they are keeping those culture values they would hardly understand each other. It is common that Muslim people condemn women from Europe and America. For them even the most modest and restrained American female seems to be a woman without culture values because she shows certain part of her bodyWhat can we say about the influence of the social environment on personal values for psychology? What is psychology? It is the science of the humans behavior and mind. This science is an attempt to understand humanity by exploring certain specific cases and by discovering some general principles as well. One of the important goals of psychology is to benefit the society. Scientists who involved in i t we can divide in to some groups cognitive scientists, social scientists and behavioral scientists. Among others, social behavior is among different subjects of psychology. The science of psychology explores following concepts emotion, cognition, phenomenology, perception, attention, brain functioning, behavior, motivation, personality, unconscious mind and interpersonal relationships. As anthropology, the science of psychology is a social science and it has a strong connecter with social environment. According to psychology, some type of behavior could be considered normal and other type could be considered abnormal. Commonly, humanity has the same nature. For example, murdering and cruelty is considered abnormal in every social group and community. Nevertheless, within some cultures the conception of cruelty may vary. Let us give an example. In American and European countries violation in any form is unacceptable even within a family. Thus people who keep doing it to others wou ld consider psychologically abnormal. According to the culture of some eastern countries, especially countries with Muslim culture, a husband can beat his wife or punish her or in any other way if she does not satisfy him. What kind of misdeed could a wife do? She may cook a food that her husband does not like she may say a word that her husband could consider unacceptable. People within the community with such culture are considered psychologically normal even if they believe violence every day. According to their culture cruelty is acceptable. A woman is expecting for it and she has no even right to complain. According to the example above we can see that psychological situation within a community could have a strong negative effect on personal values of a human. A person can look at low values of members of the community around him or her and subconsciously this person could understate those values that he or she had before. Psychologically people inclined to depend on society. That is why we can state that the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for psychology.Sociology is the last science that we are going to discuss. It studies the society using different methods of critical analysis and empirical investigations. This science refines and develops knowledge about the activity of human society. One of the aims of sociology is to achieve the social welfare with the mean of the knowledge. Mancheno-Smoak et al. (2009) stated that the field of interests in sociology varies from the micro level of interaction and agency to the macro level of social structures and systems. It is a very broad conception that is focused traditionally on social class, religion, social stratification, social mobility, secularization, distortion and law. It includes all spheres of peoples activity. It is interesting that sociology studies different types of interactions between people. We are living in the age of the world wide globalization wh en the whole planet is becoming one big house. Different cultural and social communities are not staying separate from each other like it was some hundreds years ago. People are moving, migrating and cattle ranch their culture and different values among other societies.Why can we state that according to sociology, the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community? First reason is that people like to communicate with each other. It means that they getting some new knowledge and values. Roniger (1995) declared that when representatives of different cultures are staying in contact for some time they will get used to new values. It will stop being new for them. New cultural values will become common and according to sociology people will start accepting it in their lives. In some time they would not remember that one or another culture or value was not imparted to them. And it is the second reason why the cultural environment has an effect on values of peop le for sociology. In other words, when people move from one place to another they create a new social group with mixed culture and values.In conclusion of all factors and aspects that we discussed above we can see that anthropology, sociology and psychology are connected between each other. These three sciences are all about the human nature, culture and community. They are examining interactions and cooperation between different people we can state that the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology because according to these sciences it is up to peoples nature to take something new from others. According to religion, human society was created as one big family. Let us agree that this statement is right thus, we need to accept that people within a social community have a direct effect on each other in the same way in which members within an ordinary family have.Every science that we discussed has one main ai m to make our society better. We need to remember that it is up to everybody to help in achievement of this aim.

Personal Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education Sociology Children pap

Personal Teaching PhilosophyIntroductionChildren become, while little, our delightswhen they grow bigger, they begin to frights. This quote is from rear Bunyans poem Upon the Disobedient Child, and rings the truth. But, how can we help children develop into normal, healthy adults? That is a question society has been asking since the first days of civilization. in that location are four areas of development that allow children to grow into strong adults motor, cognitive, language, and social-emotional.Motor DevelopmentMotor development is defined as the development of skill in the do of the body and its parts (Charlesworth 12). There are three areas of motor development gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and perceptual motor skills. primitive motor skills require the use of large musclesas well as general strength and stamina (Trawick-Smith 201) and they are the first to develop in infants. twain examples of these skills would be creeping or standing with help. For older child ren, examples of gross motor skills would be jumping rope, martial arts, soccer, or swimming.Fine motor skills require the use of smaller muscles in the arms, hands, and fingers (Trawick-Smith 209). In infants, an example of this motor skill would be grasping an object. In older children, examples of fine motor skills would be writing, drawing, tying a shoestring, or building with Legos.However with these motor skills, particularly with fine motor skills, one must keep in mind that perception helps to put in concert these movements. This ability to integrate movements and perception (Trawick-Smith 210) is called perceptual-motor skills. Examples of using these skills would be baseball, football, or copying what a teacher drew ... ...n certain subjects. So, Ill try to have original lessons in which the children will learn something and have fun while doing the activity. Finally, I hope I can become a good teacher and cheerio on what I have learned from my teachers in the past.Work s CitedCharlesworth, Rosalind. Understanding Child Development. United States Delmar Thomson Learning, 2000. 12, 16, 107, 271, 374. Mayesky, Mary. Creative Activities for Young Children. United States Delmar Thomson Learning, 2002. 309. Muzi, Malinda Jo. Child Development through and through Time and Transition. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2000. 187, 213, 264. Smith-Trawick, Jeffery. Early Childhood Development. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2000. 135, 174, 201, 209, 210, 293, 295, 298. 300. Wood, Chip. Yardsticks Children in the Classroom Ages 4-14. Massachusetts Northeast Foundation for Children, 1997. 1.