Possible Inherent Conflicts Between the Public Auditor and the CFO on Case Study

Possible Inherent Conflicts Between the Public Auditor and the CFO on Internal Controls - Case Study Example The public auditor, whose primary job is to give an opinion on the financial statements of the company after necessary examination of the statements, also places his reliance on the internal controls established by the management of the company to prevent, detect and mitigate the events of frauds and errors which may lead to erroneous financial reporting and deception of the shareholders. This is the reason that the auditor lays great emphasis on the establishment of strong and well defined internal controls where the occurrence of material misstatements can be prevented, and if not, then properly detected and appropriate actions be taken to mitigate the same from occurring again. In the course of the audit, the strong emphasis laid by the auditors on establishment of the internal control department may create conflicts between the auditor and the management of the company, specially the Chief Financial Officer. The auditor and the CFO initially have their roles clearly defined as to the extent of their jobs and are required to work independently with clear objectivity without interference in each other’s work. The auditor’s responsibility is to report on the financial statements prepared by the management whether they are free from material misstatements and give a true and fair view. The auditor also has to report on the internal controls established by the management if they are organized enough to prevent and detect the frauds and errors. The auditor has to ultimately report to the shareholders on the safeguards established by the management to safeguard their rights. Conventionally, the role of the CFO is understood to be in the position of manager and regulator concerning the implementation of principles of accounting. Further, the post of the CFO also includes the preparation of the financial statements and related reports along with the supervision of the capital structure of the

Individuals and Their Discoveries Are Not Enough to Bring Medical Progress Essay Example for Free

Individuals and Their Discoveries Are Not Enough to Bring Medical Progress Essay Individuals and their discoveries are not enough on their own to bring medical progress. Explain how far this statement applies to Jenner and his work. Jenner’s discovery of the link between cowpox and smallpox was significant to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. However, it can be argued that Jenner and his discovery were not enough on their own to bring medical progress. The factors Scientific thinking, Government Communication and Changing attitudes played a major and important role to bring medical progress. One reason as to why the statement applies to Jenner and his work is because the Government worked in Jenners favour to bring medical progress. In 1802 and 1807, Parliament gave Edward Jenner  £30,000 to develop his work on vaccination. This clearly indicates that without the help of Parliament, Jenner’s work would not have shown as much signs of advancement; hence he would not have had the money to progress. In addition to this, fifty years later vaccination was made compulsory in Britain which led a dramatic drop in smallpox cases. This evidently shows that without the help of the Government, Jenner’s work would not have been as widely spread and used by the people as much; therefore the government did play a significant role his Edward Jenner’s development of Vaccinations. A different explanation as to why the statement is relevant to Jenner and his work is because of the communication. This factor is seen to have an impact on the medical progress of Jenner, is because without the spread of Jenner’s discoveries, people would not be aware of vaccinations. In 1798, Jenner published his own accounts of his discover, spreading the details of his methods worldwide. Consequently, that people could see his work but scientists in particular were able to see his work and they could learn from his work. This is evidence that by spreading his work worldwide, it brought medical progress; it was not just Edward Jenner alone brought medical progress to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. A different factor as to why the statement applies to Jenner and his work is because of the changing attitudes. Due to many people who had begun to think in a more scientific way, this meant that they were more open into accepting Jenner’s theory for Vaccinations. This implies that if people’s attitudes were similar to people who had supernatural beliefs, they would not have accepted the theory, therefore without the changing attitudes, Jenner’s work would not have caused a huge medical progression. Another reason which explains how the statement is relevant to Jenner and his work is because of the scientific thinking. Edward Jenner was able to use scientific method and experimentation in his research which is a clear indication his work can be considered trustworthy and it is likely to be accurate. Jenner also tested out his theory on a small boy which proved his theory to be correct but also on twenty-three other people. This shows that without the scientific methods and experiments, Jenner would not have reached the conclusion that his hypothesis was correct; therefore this is evidence for medical progress. Jenner’s scientific thinking is a key factor because without it, scientists would not have been able to see his work. Also his work would not have been as widely spread; people would not trust his work if it hadn’t been tested accurately, therefore people would not use his work. Another explanation as to why the statement applies to Jenner and his work is because of the individuals. Jenner himself had the insight to realise the link between cowpox and smallpox was important. If Jenner was not a determined individual and did not carry and publish his research, the theory of vaccination would most likely not exist today. Jenner had carried on, despite opposition and criticism which indicates with Jenner’s determination, he brought medical progress. In addition to this, Jenner also tested his theory of vaccination on twenty three people, including his six month old baby which shows he is a very dedicated individual. To conclude, there are many factors to support this statement: Government, Communication, Changing attitudes and Scientific thinking all bring medical progress, alongside the individuals and their discoveries. However, Scientific thinking caused the biggest impact on the medical progress because without whilst his methods and experiments, people would not trust his work, therefore people would not use his work.

Government Guidelines on Food and Nutrition for Children

Government Guidelines on Food and Nutrition for Children Q1) Construct a table to identify the main government guidelines on food and nutrtion and evaluate the ways in which they can be incorporated into the child care setting. Answer: Food Groups: Fruits Vegetables Grains Protein foods ( meat + beans ) Dairy Babies 0-6 months – breast or formula milk. 6-9 months – milk , dairy, water, variety of different textured solid liquidised meals. 9 months–1 year – milk, water, lumpy foods. Daily recommendation for Grain group. Children 1-3 years old 3 ounce equivalents 4-8 years 5 ounce equivalents Girls 9-13 years 5 ounce equivalents 14-18 years 6 ounce equivalents Boys 9-13 years 6 ounce equivalents 14-18 years 8 ounce equivalents Daily recommendation for Protein foods group. Children 1-3 years old 2 ounce equivalents 4-8 years 4 ounce equivalents Girls 9-13 years 5 ounce equivalents 14-18 years 5 ounce equivalents Boys 9-13 years 5 ounce equivalents 14-18 years 6 ounce equivalents Daily recommendation for Dairy group Children 1-3 years old 2 cups 4-8 years 2 Â ½ cups Girls 9-13 years 3 cups 14-18 years 3 cups Boys 9-13 years 3 cups 14-18 years 3 cups Vitamins and Minerals Recommended Dietary Allowances for Folate. Age Male Female Birth to 6 months 65 mcg 65 mcg 7-12 months 80 mcg 80 mcg 1-3 years 150 mcg 150 mcg 4-8 years 200 mcg 200 mcg 9-13 years 300 mcg 300 mcg 14-18 years 400 mcg 400 mcg 19+ years 400 mcg 400 mcg Recommended Dietary Allowance for Iron Birth to 6 months 0.27 mg 0.27 mg 7-12 months 11 mg 11 mg 1-3 years 7 mg 7 mg 4-8 years 10 mg 10 mg 9-13 years 8 mg 8 mg 14-18 years 11 mg 15 mg Recommended Dietary Allowance for Magnesium. Birth to 6 months 30 mg 30 mg 7-12 months 75 mg 75 mg 1-3 years 80 mg 80 mg 4-8 years 130 mg 130 mg 9-13 years 240 mg 240 mg 14-18 years 410 mg 360 mg Recommended Dietary Allowance for Selenium. 0-6 months 15 mcg 15 mcg 7-12 months 20 mcg 20 mcg 1-3 years 20 mcg 20 mcg 4-8 years 30 mcg 30 mcg 9-13 years 40 mcg 40 mcg 14-18 years 55 mcg 55 mcg Recommended Dietary Allowance for Zinc. Age Male Female 0-6 months 2 mg 2 mg 7-12 months 3 mg 3 mg 1-3 years 3 mg 3 mg 4-8 years 5 mg 5 mg 9-13 years 8 mg 8 mg 14-18 years 11 mg 9 mg 19+ years 11 mg 8 mg Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin A. 0-6 months 400 mcg 400 mcg 7-12 months 500 mcg 500 mcg 1-3 years 300 mcg 300 mcg 4-8 years 400 mcg 400 mcg 9-13 years 600 mcg 600 mcg 14- 18 years 900 mcg 700 mcg Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin B6. 0-6 months 0.1 mg 0.1 mg 7-12 months 0.3 mg 0.3 mg 1-3 years 0.5 mg 0.5 mg 4-8 years 0.6 mg 0.6 mg 9-13 years 1.0 mg 1.0 mg 14-18 years 1.3 mg 1.2 mg Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin D. 0-12 months 10 mcg 10 mcg 1-13 years 15 mcg 15 mcg 14-18 years 15 mcg 15 mcg Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin E. 0-6 months 4 mg 4 mg 7-12 months 5 mg 5 mg 1-3 years 6 mg 6 mg 4-8 years 7 mg 7 mg 9-13 years 11 mg 11 mg 14+years 15 mg 15 mg Q2) Identify and describe the types of food that are unsuitable for babies and young children. You should specify the reasons why these foods are unsuitable. Answer: Honey: Honey may contain the spores of a type of bacterium called Clostridium Botulinum that can cause a very serious illness in babies. The clostridium botulinum bacteria can sometimes occur naturally in honey, and although the bacteria does not grow in the honey and cause problems. It can grow in the gastrointestinal trot of babies less than 1 year of age, and can lead to the medical condition Infant Botulism. Salt and sugar: Salt and sugar shouldnt be added to babies food. Processed foods, foods tinned in brine and snacks such as chips. Gravies and stock cubes, not specifically for infants, are very high in salt. Even small quantities of salt can prove dangerous for babies. This is because at their young age their kidneys are unable to process the salt in the way that adults kidneys can. Young children should avoid sugar, particularly sugar drinks and snacks. Things such as soft drinks, fizzy drinks prepackaged convenience foods, foods are very high in sugar which can be potentially harmful to a babies or young childs developing organs, they also increase the risk of tooth decay and acid erosion. The following foods should be avoided due to the higher risk of food poisoning. *fermented meats *poultry *fish and shellfish *raw sprouts *raw eggs All food should be cooked throughly. Eggs are high in protein and because babies have delicate intestine system they can react to the amount of protein found. After 6 mouths well cooked eggs can be given. Large fishes such as swordfish, shark and marlin contain high levels of mercury which can have a detrimental effect on the development of the nervous system. Nuts: Nuts should not be given to children under the age of 6 as they can be a potentially fatal choking hazard and peanut allergy. However if there is no history of peanut allergy in the family, they can be given to young children in the form of peanut butter or crushed and added to yogurts or cereals. Q3) Design a child record form for a new child joing a home care setting with specific dietary requirement. Describe the dietary requirements and why it should be documented accurately. Answer: Childs name.Prashant Thakor Dietary requirementsIslamic religion. No pork products meat must be halal. foods containg animal fat are not eaten Consequence of the dietary requirement not being followed. against religion. Emergency instructions should ingestion of an allergic food occur.. N/A Necessary medication N/A Emergency contact informationcontact parents immediately to let them know what happened. Parental signature Child care provider signature When Prashant starts the home setting, parents need to fill in information sheets about Prashant and their family religion needs. Prashant can only eat halal meat. This is dietary requirements. Prashant parents need to put this in the information pack so the (practioner) is made aware and can have this information on a file. It will then be written up and displayed in the kitchen area where the food is prepared.so whoever is preparing the food is aware of all childrens requirements. It is important to make sure all childrens dietary requirements are presented this way to make sure they are eating what their parents have specified and not breaking their religion needs. As well children with allergies if this is not displayed in the cooking area or on file, the child may come to harm from having food they shouldnt. Q4) Define the 4 childhood chronic diseases identified in the course manual, and discuss the ways in which development can be effected. Answer: Asthma: Asthma is a disease that effects the lungs and airways. Children is asthma, their airways are always slightly inflamed compared to other children airways. When children come into contact with dust, animals, smokers or carring out daily activities like PE, running around in the playground, this can lead to them becoming out of breath, wheezing, coughing which leads to their airways becoming more inflamed leading to an attack and the children panicking. Children with asthma tend to take medicine or have inhalers to control their asthma, however if a attack occurs it does not help. Asthma affects childrens physical development as when running around thisb makes them become wheezy and out of breath leading to them missing PE activities or if they have attacks this can result in children missing school and missing out on daily activities and not being able to catch up. Diabetes: Diabetes is where the body does not produce enough insulin from the pancreas which is needed to collect glucose to give children the energy to carry out daily activities without feeling to tired or ill. There are two types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes which is controlled on a healthy diet and insulin injections and type 2 is more controlled with just a healthy diet and when the children go into adulthood they may need medication or insulin. Diabetes can affect childrens development because they can become tired and confused which can affect their concentration in school and their learning. In some cases children become frustrated and worried about the affects of their diabetes in school, as at home they may incur bed wetting by accident. They may have a smelly breath and worry about what their peers will say. Cystic Fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis is a inherited disease. It is where to much mucus has built up in the child lungs causing infections and shortness of breath . It can cause delay in a childs growth and to gain weight. The child may have a lot of time off school due to regular injections. Some children might be able to go to school however will not be able to cope playing and PE lessons. Cerebral Palsy: Cerebral Palsy is caused by damage to the brain prior to birth, even though the damage does not get any worse, it does not get any better. A child with cerebral palsy demonstrates some physical difficulties because the individual child and their lack of control of their muscles which can lead to stift painful limbs. Some children struggle to walk, run have good posture and even sitting down with their legs crossed. They struggle to develop the ability to do this due to the muscles and limbs.

Essay --

Asian Carp Essay Arron Kruse 11/28/13 Choosing a spot in the Illinois River to fish or motorboat has become a very difficult task of late. Choose incorrectly and one’s boat might all of a sudden be overtaken by hundreds of fish, several dozen pounds in weight and jumping several feet out of the water. These fish are silver carp, one of several types of Asian Carp now present in many Midwest waterways. Having already overtaken and disrupted the ecosystem and economies of many Midwest waterways, the recent evidence that Asian Carp have infiltrated the Great Lakes watershed poses even more serious implications if a method of stopping them is not found. The bottom feeding common-carp was introduced to the United States in the 1800’s by immigrants who were aghast at the lack of a fish that was so prized in Asia and Europe in America. They are now well-established, but being smaller bottom-feeders they don’t pose as much of a threat as Asian Carp. Asian Carp were imported to the United States in the Early 1970’s to enhance fishing and control algae in sewage treatment areas. They were originally supposed to be held in contained areas, but very soon they escaped the breeding ponds during floods. Since then they have spread outward in a variety of ways. The silver carps ability to jump has sped its rapid expansion because it was able to jump over barriers other fish couldn’t. Adult Asian Carp have no natural predators in the US and are prolific breeders, laying hundreds of thousands of eggs at a time allowing them to spread with almost no interruption. They have also made it through lock systems as boats pas sed through. Before the dangers of Asian Carp were fully understood fishermen would sometimes use baby Asian Carp as bait which fur... ...n just a few were to traverse the lakes. It is clear that Asian Carp have found a new home in the United States. They have been able to spread easily and without almost any barriers throughout the Mississippi watershed, they are swimming on the precipice of the Great Lakes watershed. As of now they appear to be being kept out, but only by the slimmest of barriers. If they were to break through there would be very little chance at stopping them from the damage they would inflict on the wildlife and people who need the lakes for their livelihood. It is no longer just a cause for scientists and environmentalists to take up, this is a cause that threatens everybody in the Mississippi and Great Lakes Watershed. If we don’t act now we may be too late, in fact we may already be too late. Ask not what your watershed can do for you, ask what you can do for your watershed.

Philippines Country Sales

According to Yahoo Philippines Country Sales Director, Arlene Amarante http://thenewmedia.com/state-of-online-advertising-in-the-philippines-yahoo-phs-arlene-amarante/ that:â€Å"The online advertising industry here in the Philippines is in a state of rapid growth. While there is still much evangelization to do, the market players – both advertisers and advertising agencies – are now asking the more relevant questions unlike 3 years ago. They now start to ask: How do we start? How do I integrate online with my existing campaign? Can it work for a brand or industry like mine? How do I measure my success? These questions tell us that it is no longer about why advertisers should be online; it is about maximizing their advertising dollars and using online the right way.And, while online is still at a 26% penetration level, we see that the landscape is further paving the way for increased and rapid exponential growth – new broadband products, increased broadband pene tration, rise of internet mobile, rise of smart phones and the proliferation of low-priced PCs. Consumer behavior support the phenomenon. They are no longer dictated by traditional media alone; they immediately search for brands prior to a purchase. They are no longer looking for yesterdays’ news; they want to know what’s happening now. They are no longer waiting for brands to come and communicate to them; they are starting the conversations. Online advertising is now a powerful force that no one can no longer deny.†According to Mark Chaves, director of media intelligence solutions at SAS, http://www.studymode.com/essays/Local-Studies-1071666.html that:â€Å"Consumers are online right now talking about your products and services, their experiences, and their likes and dislikes. Smart marketers aren't just listening to online chatter; they are analyzing it to better focus resources and build engagement and loyalty,† â€Å"SAS Social Media Analytics helps m arketers combine data from online conversations with other data, such as a company's customer relationship management software, to build a more complete picture of each customer and then use these analytically-driven insights to predict and act,†Chaves added.According to LiveJournal,http://www.aijc.com.ph/survey_internet_access.pdf that:â€Å"The Philippines ranks seventh among the top 15 countries where blog hosting is popularly used. There are presently 39,274 Filipino bloggers under this hosting site.†LOCAL LITERATUREAccording to Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995) http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Literature-And-Studies-177904.html that:â€Å"In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general†.According to Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996), http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Literature-And-Studies-177904.html that:â€Å"Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10).Since computer power  was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department.† According to Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999) http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Literature-And-Studies-177904.html that:â€Å"A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained.†Foreign Studies According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:Attitude is defined as â€Å"a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favourable or unfavourable manner with respect to a given object†. It is the mental and physical respond that involve beliefs, feelings, values and predisposition to act in certain ways.According to Davis (1989), http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:In the earlier studies, perceived usefulness is defined as â€Å"the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance†.According to Koufaris 2002, http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:Replaced the term â€Å"personal involvementà ¢â‚¬  into â€Å"product involvement†. In this research he used product involvement instead of personal involvement to point out the same concept and defined as â€Å"individual motivation regarding an object where that motivational state is activated by the relevance or importance of the object in question†.Foreign Literature According to Levy and Malaviya (1999) http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:Indicated that effectiveness of advertising is â€Å"persuasion does not rest within advertising messages per se and it depends on certain mental processes that as ad recipient invokes†. Generally, advertising effectiveness is described as being â€Å"a hierarchy of effects† (Vakratas and Amber, 1999). In the other word, changes of consumer perceptions by the information in the advertisement will lead to a change in their behaviors.According to Palanisamy and Wong (2003)http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-liter ature-review.phpthat:â€Å"When the consumer has a sense in what they believe is a quality price, quality of service, quality of interaction of the service and image of the business is explained as their expectation. When consumer expectations increase or decrease that effectiveness of advertising would change accordingly as this is a proportional relationship.†According to Tomsen and Faith (2003) http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/marketing/the-literature-review.php that:â€Å"Growing capabilities of interactive devices and fuel innovation set the consumer expectations. Consumer will develop new expectations about the new technology itself, services and network that support the technology. Acceleration of the development of the new technology and service providers is to fulfill the need of consumer shifting expectations. Likewise, evolution of technology is derived from the interactive consumer expectations. In this context, evolution of technology is seemed as evolution of i nternet advertising. Quality, reliability, convenience, attractive appearance and superior technology are the expectations of the consumers.†

Doing Business Around the World

Doing Business Around the World Free Online Research Papers Because the nature of the marketplace has changed so dramatically with the Internet, entering in a global business can be done much easier. Nowadays, a successful global business no longer needs to have associates and employees physically in the locations to conduct business transactions. Communication and transactions can now be conducted via web conferences, email dialogues, teleconferences, and other mediums. While the Internet and new technology allows this to happen, it is important to understand the role of the region where the business will be introduced or conducted on a daily basis. With the world shrinking to the size of a computer, the options of having a business any where in the global are real but with out a proper analysis of the target region, can make it impossible to have a successful and profitable business. This paper will explore the region of Asia and will explore India as a possible Host for a new business venture. Region Choice Asia is the worlds largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earths total surface area and, with almost 4 billion people; it contains more than 60% of the worlds current human population. Chiefly in the eastern and northern hemispheres, Asia is traditionally defined as part of the landmass of Africa-Eurasia – with the western portion of the latter occupied by Europe – lying east of the Suez Canal, east of the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas. It is bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean, to the south by the Indian Ocean, and to the north by the Arctic Ocean. Given its size and diversity, Asia is the best continent to introduce SynergElite. India is the largest and fastest growing country of the Asian continent making it our SynergElite host country. Republic of India, the Host Country The Indian National Congress Party was established in 1885 to end colonial rule enforced by the British. It was led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, as a non-violence and self-sufficient protest to return India to its democratic political system. India declared its independence August 15, 1947, from Britain and is recognized and celebrated as a national holiday. This day also brought the separation of the Hindu and the Muslim people, dividing the country into two countries, India and Pakistan. The Republic of India, generally referred to as India, is the seventh largest country in the world and about one-third the size of the United States. Total land area 2,973,190 square kilometers. Total area, including territorial seas, claimed is 3,287,590 square kilometers. In 2004, the population of India was estimated to be a total of 1,065,070,607 people. The population growth rate has increased an average of 2 percent annually. This country holds 17 percent of the world’s population, second only to China. About 72 percent of the population resided in rural areas in 2001, yet the country has a population density of 324 persons per square kilometer (www.loc.gov). Major states, such as; Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta), New Delhi, Chennai (Madras), Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmadabad have more than 400 persons per square kilometer. The nation’s capital is New Delhi where more that 12 million Indians reside; the number of people living in Mumbai and Kolkata are approximately 30 million making these states the most populous. India shares common borders with Pakistan, China, Bhutan, Nepal, Burma, and Bangladesh. Although India and Sri Lanka do not share a land boundary, the narrowest distance between the two countries is only 64 kilometers across the Palk Strait (www.loc.gov). Seventy-two percent of India’s population is Indo-Aryan, 25 percent Dravidian, and 3 percent Mongoloid and other. The most observed language is Hindi with English as the widely used language for business and politic. There are 22 other languages legally recognized by the constitution, but the Government has claimed that India has more than 1,600 dialects. Approximately 80.5 percent of the population is Hindu, 13.4 percent Muslim, 2.3 percent Christian, 1.9 percent Sikh, 0.8 percent Buddhist, and 0.4 percent Jain; another 0.6 percent belongs to other faiths, such as Zoroastrianism and numerous religions associated with â€Å"Scheduled Tribes† or indigenous people (www.loc.gov). Although, India’s general health results shows continuous improvement ranking 127th out of 177 countries; in 1995 life expectancy for men was 58.5 years, for women 59.6 years; infant mortality rate was 76.3 per 1,000 live births. India’s poor suffer from malnutrition and many diseases such as: Malaria, filariasis, leprosy, cholera, pneumonic plague, tuberculosis, trachoma, goiter, and diarrhea diseases (www.loc.gov). In 2003, over 1.5 million have been infected with HIV, which could become a severe AIDS epidemic if the disease, cannot be contained. India has more than 10,000 hospitals and community health centers at local levels; and 24,000 dispensaries. India’s climate leaves much to be desired with its almost unbearable hot dry weather from December to May to the daily rains and monsoons experienced from June to November. Tourism is heavier during the months of December to February when the climate is its coolest. Natural resources for commercial use include arable land, bauxite, chromites, coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), diamonds, iron ore, limestone, manganese, mica, natural gas, petroleum, and titanium ore (www.loc.gov). Conclusion SynergElite has done a great job introducing and creating a well-recognized name in the United States. The Company is ready to expand his horizons and take over the Asian community. The Country of India will be the first country of many to follow. India fast growing business and India large population are the key factors to a successful and profitable business. Economically India offers a consumer market for about 300 million people with easy access to markets of South Asia’s Association-the following regions (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). In addition, India has fast growing IT resources as well as large manufacturing capabilities, a well established industry knowledge and a well developed research and development infrastructure. Finally, India offers a vibrant capital market with relations to 22 stock exchanges with over 9,000 company listings. In conclusion, the country of India carries a well-balanced fiscal package. SynergElite products are a perfect fit to India’s population and India’s growing economy. References: Political Structure of India. (2002) Retrieved on Sunday, May 7, 2006 from: World Wide Web http://link.lanic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/india/ The President of India. Retrieved on Sunday, May 7, 2006 from: World Wide Web http://presidentofindia.nic.in/ Doing Business in India: The Texas Connection. World Wide Web utexas.edu/depts/ic2/execdev/india.html India Economic Summit. (2005) Retrieved on Sunday, May 7, 2006 from: World Wide Web weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf Indian Economy Review. (2006) Retrieved on Sunday, May 7, 2006 from: World Wide Web economywatch.com/indianeconomy/ Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 7, 2006; Library of Congress, Global Gateway, Portals to the World, 2005, Created and maintained by the Asian Division, Collections and Services Directorate; loc.gov/rr/international/portals.html Retrieved from the web page asianinfo.org Retrieved from the web page http://india.gov.in/knowindia/lifestyle.php Retrieved from the web page scholars.nus.edu Retrieved from the web page http://dictionaryreference.com) Retrieved on May 7, 2006 from; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_India Retrieved on May 7, 2006 from; geographia.com/india Retrieved on May 7, 2006 from; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja Research Papers on Doing Business Around the WorldPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationDefinition of Export QuotasQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

The Politcal Correctness problem essays

The Politcal Correctness problem essays Political correctness, a concept originally meant to protect minorities and the under represented and thus strengthen the country, has in todays America become no more than a necessary evil and catalyst for the cult of ethnicity. In theory political correctness sounds like a very reasonable idea and when looked at very shallowly this remains the case. When it is more thoroughly looked at thought it dangers become more and more apparent. By creating a set of correct terminology and assigning each ethnic background a name that separates them from the main culture of America we run the risk of further exaggerating the potentially volatile situation created by the cult of ethnicity in the country today. So a balance between extreme political correctness that drives groups apart and a complete lack of social regulation as to what is acceptable, that causes groups of people to be oppressed, must be reached. Note not all aspects of political correctness are as potentially corrosive as those that pertain to race and ethnicity; some, such as those which are used for gender related issues and handicaps to name a few, are helpful while other terms, which there are to many to list, are downright comical. Words can and have been used to harm and oppress people and races in this country and abroad. America has long been a melting pot for various ethnicities and taking the good with the bad has also experienced many different waves of racism. Before this century, and more accurately before the civil rights movement, many ethnicities, and African-Americans in particular, were held down by highly negatively loaded language. From the time of slavery African-Americans where held down by various words that today hold such engrained meanings and are so hate charged that mentioning them even for analytical purposes in this essay would be risky. Later on new groups got exposed to these types of words as Irish, Italian and w ...

Farallon Island Rodenticide Essay Example

Farallon Island Rodenticide Essay Example Farallon Island Rodenticide Essay Farallon Island Rodenticide Essay Diphacinone, and its Effects on Wildlife and its Environment The Farallon Islands aviary wildlife is under attack and something needs to be done about it. The Farallon Islands are a chain of islands about 28 miles west off the coast of San Francisco. They are used by by hundreds of seabirds for feeding, nesting, and breeding. In fact these islands have a greater variety of bird species than almost any other place in the world. The problem is that mice have overrun the island eating the bird eggs and killing the young birds. Some areas are so densely opulated with mice that the biologists on the island say that sometimes the ground seems to move (Frimrite, Peter 1). There are three suggested solutions to the problem so far. One solution would be to do nothing. Another would be to use a less potent poison such as Diphacinone but distribute it often and for a long period of time. The final option would be to use an extremely potent poison such as Brodifacoum and distribute it for a shorter period of time and less often. In this paper we will look at the second option of using a less potent poison and try and etermine whether this would be the best approach. : First, it is important why the mice are such a problem. One of the many things that the mice have against them is that they are the only nonnative species left on the island. The mice first came when seal hunters first sailed to the islands to hunt the abundance of elephant and harbor seals. The second problem is that the mice are attracted Burrowing Owls to the island. The owls not only eat mice, in the winter when the mouse population drops drastically they turn to their second option, birds. Their favorite bird to snack on the Ashy Storm Petrel which is currently on Californias Endangered Birds list. Half of the Ashy Storm Petrels 8,000 population comes to the Farallons to nest and feed. Another problem the mice are causing is that there eating the insects that the Arboreal Salamander depends on immensely. The final problem is that the mice are spreading a highly invasive plant. The seeds are sticking to their fur coat and spreading it across the island The current deployment plan for the Farallon Islands is to deploy Diphacinone apsules during three air-drops spaced 5 weeks apart. That will keep the archipelago contaminated with the poison for fifteen weeks, ten more weeks than the other more potent poison called Brodifacoum. The more time the poison is on the island and active the more chance that non-target animals could consume the capsule and die. The question is, how much danger does this pose to the non-target animals? Not much data has been collected about side affects of Diphacinone on birds and marine life. The only concrete data for birds is a test that showed that if a bird eats oughly 2400 milligrams of pure diphacinone capsules they have a 50% chance of fish and other marine life such as crustaceans and shelled mollusks so does not appear to pose a serious risk for these animals (Cornell University 1). No experiments have been conducted to see if Diphacinone creates any reproductive or genetic problems and therefore it is unknown how future generations might be affected. It is important to mention how Diphacinone will be used to kill the mice. When a mouse eats Diphacinone poison it will take up to 4 to 7 days of continuous feeding to ill the mouse (Dichling Corporation 1). Since it takes so long to kill the mouse the mouse doesnt make the connection that the poison is killing them and so continues eating the poison. When the poison enters the mouses body it cause severe internal bleeding, it will continue to bleed until dead. A problem arises if the rodent consumes too much of the toxin too quickly and then dies. When this happens the mouse will become a poison hazard to predators in the area. Therefore, if a scavenger happens to find the dead mouse or if a predator eats a live rodent when ts stomach is full of the poison it would also be contaminated with the Diphacinone . Animals are not the only ones that are affected by the poisonous capsules, humans can be at risk as well For instance, if a capsule somehow got into the human water or food supply it could lead to serious problems. If someone was to consume the poison the symptoms include back and lower chest pain, bloody gums, nosebleeds, and internal bleeding. In extreme instances eating the rodenticide can lead to the inability for your blood to clot which could lead to death (Cornell University 1). This will not be the first time that poison has been air-dropped onto an island to eliminate a rodent problem. In 2008 Brodifacoum, the other suggested poison, was used to eliminate the rats on Rat Island, Alaska. In this case many non-target animals were killed and it has taken many years to recover from the incident. Over 40 Bald Eagles were killed in the process of poisoning the island. Thats 20 more eagles than biologists even knew were on the island. On top of the eagle deaths more than 400 other birds fell victim to this poisoning. This was a far larger mortality rate than xpected, and took the biologists by surprise. Given the facts list above, my opinion is that Diphacinone should not be used to eliminate the rat problem on the Farallon Islands. All though its the least potent option all the unknown variables that could cause unnecessary non-target deaths. From the endangerment of endangered spices, the possibility of harming the scientists researching on the archipelago, and the potential of damaging the future generations of bids, fish and other marine life. Poisoning the islands is a bad idea and we should wait until a better solution approaches

Do Ex-Military Make Good Police Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Do Ex-Military Make Good Police Officers - Essay Example The essay "Do Ex-Military Make Good Police Officers?" examine this question identifying which factors will contribute to success within the two types of organizations: military and police. There are certainly parallels between the attributes which make for a successful career in either the military or the police force. However, a successful military record does not necessarily equate to a successful career in law enforcement. The general attributes, such as honesty, integrity, and discipline are commonly valued in both career positions. However, some of the skills in the second group are not necessarily valued in the military. For example, the ability to observe and remember detail has little to do with many functions of military personnel. The ability to assess situations and decide on a course of action is also of little value in many military positions, where instant obedience to the rule might be more valuable. Another factor in police work is the size of the groups, which are generally much smaller than those in the military. Many military positions seek to create groups of very similar people when large groups of very similar people are needed for power. Most groups on police forces are more demanding of dynamic interaction and cross training of team members. The behavior of a military group is expected to be extremely disciplined and nearly thoughtless after orders are given. The groups need to work like well-oiled machines. Individual thought would actually get in the way.

Abraham lincoln essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abraham lincoln - Essay Example re was a dire need, the army was very short of work force and soldiers were very badly needed, black soldiers were recruited when the others failed to show interest and there were apprehensions whether these black soldiers would discharge their duty well or not. The doubts became evident questions because the black soldiers were former slaves and some thought that they would intentionally fail because they had been slaves and mistreated in America. The other soldiers and civilians thought that this was a very unwise decision by Lincoln, they also thought that it would never work when put into practice but Lincoln had already done the impossible. He never needed anyone’s approval, he had already successes partially in his aim to eliminate slavery in America. Black soldiers proved everyone wrong and they also proved Lincoln right when they fought valiantly and won several crucial battles, this was certainly a masterstroke by Lincoln and the one that no one saw coming. The battle of Port Hudson was primarily won because of black soldiers and they all worked in unison to win it for the trust that Lincoln had showed in them. The Black soldiers were mistreated when they were captured, they were not treated as prisoners of war but they were treated like slaves and Lincoln had several issues with it. The captured black soldiers were often sold and forced into slavery which did not go down too well with the president. Lincoln wanted the same protection for these African American soldiers as the white soldiers; the white soldiers were never forced into slavery when they were caught and they were always treated like the prisoners of war. Lincoln always wanted parity and he fought for it right till the end. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and the recruitment of African American soldiers both are deeply connected, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address stresses the need for parity in America and Lincoln firmly believed that the only way of restoring parity was by giving the

Why Juveniles should be tried as adults and Why shouldn't Juveniles be Essay

Why Juveniles should be tried as adults and Why shouldn't Juveniles be tried as adults - Essay Example Also, these courts and separate punishment laws have not helped stop or minimize the number of juvenile crimes taking place. If these delinquents are not punished properly then the next generation will be no better, probably even worse. The other side, that is that juveniles shouldn’t be treated as adults say that these children do not understand the consequence of their action and are not mature enough to handle this type of punishment. The juvenile court is there to help treat these children and not deter them. Also, by punishing the juvenile delinquents will not reduce the number of such crimes taking place but providing them with a healthy and supportive social environment will help achieve these results. (Cliff Notes, 2008) There have been some cases where children aged 7 till the ages of 14 have committed crimes. It seems unfair to judge them in an adult court as they did not understand the intensity of the crime that they have committed. In Chicago, two boys of the ages 7 and 8 were accused of killing an 11-year-old girl. The possible reason was to take her Road Warrior bike. (McLaughlin, 1998) Charging these boys with the same punishment as an adult would be a crime in itself. The adult prison is not a very safe place with all those men who are frustrated. Sending these children there would be the death of them and their innocence. On the other hand there was another case of three boys one of them who was a 15 year old. They tortured and decapitated an eight year old boy. The older companions were judged in the adult court while the fifteen year old was judged in a juvenile court, even though he was about to turn sixteen in three weeks. His punishment was a lot less than the punishment of the two older companions. He was to be released on his twenty-fifth birthday while the other two companions got life imprisonment with out

Critical review of Narratives of Islamic Origins, The beginnings of Essay

Critical review of Narratives of Islamic Origins, The beginnings of Islamic Historical writing, by Fred M Donner. On Introducti - Essay Example Donner succinctly outlines some of the main problems with the early Islamic sources in his introduction: ‘Chronological discrepancies and absurdities abound, as do flat contradictions in the meaning of events, or even, less frequently, on their fundamental course. Many accounts present information that seems clearly anachronistic; others provide ample evidence of embellishment or outright invention to serve the purpose of political or religious apologetic’ (6). The late Albrecht Noth opened the debate which challenged the conventional, almost literal approach to the Islamic source material in 1973, arguing that many of the accounts were merely anecdotes and themes used by the authors in the contexts they thought appropriate. In this latest work, Donner has built heavily on the work of the latter. Wansbrough produced a more radical critique in 1977, which was developed by Crone and Cook. They asserted that many of the established ‘truths’ concerning the Proph et’s lifetime could not be taken for granted. ... Narratives of Islamic Origins, from the introduction to the conclusion, Donner makes clear that he is an opponent of Crone’s Hagarism, which he refers to as the radically ‘skeptical’ approach. Much of the introduction of devoted to this refutation. Even from this summary, it is clear that the history of early Islam is one of the most bitterly-contested fields in modern historiography, and due to the polarisation of the debate, it is unlikely to be smoothed over in the near future. With his contribution, Donner can scarcely have been hoping to categorically resolve any of the issues at stake. However, in a way somewhat similar to the work of Robert Hoyland, Donner is beginning to build a middle ground in the debate, in which the Islamic sources need not be rejected or passionately advocated, but can be included in a careful and scholarly analysis of the period. Donner’s Narratives of Islamic Origins is just that – a comprehensive and thoroughly schola rly analysis to a wide body of primary sources, which adds little new to the overarching debate, but does distil some important issues. We are concerned in this review with the introduction of the book, which offers a basic summary of Donner’s main argument, and the preoccupations which have motivated the study, and with chapter 5, entitled, ‘Themes of Prophecy’. The introduction focuses on the intellectual context of early Islam, and especially on the key issue of establishing the Quran as a text which existed in some form from the earliest period. This is obviously crucial to the way in which we view this document. Those who tended towards Crone’s view argue that the Quran is a later construction, put together from legendary sayings of the Prophet. It is held by this school to be a collection of sayings

History of Programming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Programming - Essay Example The essay "History of Programming" talks about the history of programming and programming languages that took place in various periods along with examples of prominent computer languages used. Futurist Raymond Kurzweil aptly stated that â€Å"if the automobile industry had made as much progress [as computers and software] in the past fifty years, a car today would cost a hundredth of a cent and go faster than the speed of light". The idea of synthesizing available science and means to get work from machines was not a new one. For example, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a mechanical loom to make it easier to create complex designs for textiles. However, machines which could be classified as computers and based on electronics started appearing in the late 1940s. The initial machines were large physical machines, usually as big as a room and weighing tons in weight. To program these machines, low-level machine language was used, which, by its nature, was specific to the machine. Fast forward to today, and one can use ebooks which are many orders of magnitude more powerful than the computers of earlier years and high-level languages can perform actions which could not be imagined 60 years ago. O’Reilly Media, a noted publisher of technology books, has created a visual map of programming languages as they evolved during the short and fast-paced history of computing since the 1950’s. This map has been useful in writing this paper as it provides a single snapshot and reference of developments in the area over the years.

Abraham Lincolns Role in the Civil War Term Paper

Abraham Lincolns Role in the Civil War - Term Paper Example Enslavement, nevertheless, was the chief cause of the ever-increasing political conflict and opposition around the 1850s.There were numerous leaders who greatly contributed to the development and, eventually, the conclusion of this four-year war that killed millions of innocent lives. They, in many ways, have shaped and formed what is known as The Civil War today. Whether to instigate or to stifle the war, these leaders have unquestionably played a great part in it. Among these leaders was President Abraham Lincoln. He, throughout his presidency, has greatly molded and influenced the development and the end of this war. He, in a way, played a role in both the start and end of the Civil War. Many factors indeed instigated the Civil War. The trigger that ultimately pushed war into action was Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the presidential elections. During the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party spearheaded by Abraham Lincoln had pushed against magnifying slavery o utside the states in which it previously subsisted.The Republicans intensely promoted patriotism, and in their 1860 manifesto they denounced disunion threats as affirmations of treason. This fervent drive to abolish slavery sprung from President Lincoln’s belief that slavery was the main cause of the war. In his second inaugural address, he said, "These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war.†1 In retort to an anti-slavery Republican as the winner of the Presidential election, nearly a dozen Southern slave states in America affirmed their separation and breakaway from the United States. Many of these Southern whites that belonged to the Confederacy felt that secession had grown to be their only choice, as the people understood that Lincoln was against slavery and approved of Northern appeals. Together, they formed the Confederate States of America, better known universally as the Confederacy. Bot h the leaving presidency of President James Buchanan and the entering government disallowed the validity of secession, regarding it as rebellion. The other eight slave states turned pleas for secession down at this point. There was no nation in the world that acknowledged the Confederacy. As the Confederacy formed, the remaining twenty-five states reinforced the federal administration known collectively as the Union. Conflicts started on the April of 1861, when Confederate powers struck a U.S. military installation located at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. After they severely bombarded the fort, the fort surrendered. A few days later, Lincoln called for a multitude that numbered around 75,000 from the states to recapture the fort and additional national property. Instead of furnishing troops for an assault on their fellow Southern states, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee made a decision to join these states in withdrawal. Lincoln’s response of cal ling for a legion of volunteers led to statements of secession by these four slave states. This reaction to Ft. Sumter was a devastating call for war to support national morality. Only the state of Kentucky made an effort to stay neutral. A congregation of young men all throughout the land was in a great rush to enlist. Both sides built armies as the Union grasped control of the Border States during the early phases of the war and formed a naval barrier. Land combat in the East was indecisive between 1861 and 1862, as the Confederacy retorted Union efforts to seize its capital, Richmond, Virginia, particularly throughout the Peninsular Campaign. In the September of 1862, the Confederate movement in Maryland terminated in defeat at the

Critical review of Narratives of Islamic Origins, The beginnings of Essay

Critical review of Narratives of Islamic Origins, The beginnings of Islamic Historical writing, by Fred M Donner. On Introducti - Essay Example Donner succinctly outlines some of the main problems with the early Islamic sources in his introduction: ‘Chronological discrepancies and absurdities abound, as do flat contradictions in the meaning of events, or even, less frequently, on their fundamental course. Many accounts present information that seems clearly anachronistic; others provide ample evidence of embellishment or outright invention to serve the purpose of political or religious apologetic’ (6). The late Albrecht Noth opened the debate which challenged the conventional, almost literal approach to the Islamic source material in 1973, arguing that many of the accounts were merely anecdotes and themes used by the authors in the contexts they thought appropriate. In this latest work, Donner has built heavily on the work of the latter. Wansbrough produced a more radical critique in 1977, which was developed by Crone and Cook. They asserted that many of the established ‘truths’ concerning the Proph et’s lifetime could not be taken for granted. ... Narratives of Islamic Origins, from the introduction to the conclusion, Donner makes clear that he is an opponent of Crone’s Hagarism, which he refers to as the radically ‘skeptical’ approach. Much of the introduction of devoted to this refutation. Even from this summary, it is clear that the history of early Islam is one of the most bitterly-contested fields in modern historiography, and due to the polarisation of the debate, it is unlikely to be smoothed over in the near future. With his contribution, Donner can scarcely have been hoping to categorically resolve any of the issues at stake. However, in a way somewhat similar to the work of Robert Hoyland, Donner is beginning to build a middle ground in the debate, in which the Islamic sources need not be rejected or passionately advocated, but can be included in a careful and scholarly analysis of the period. Donner’s Narratives of Islamic Origins is just that – a comprehensive and thoroughly schola rly analysis to a wide body of primary sources, which adds little new to the overarching debate, but does distil some important issues. We are concerned in this review with the introduction of the book, which offers a basic summary of Donner’s main argument, and the preoccupations which have motivated the study, and with chapter 5, entitled, ‘Themes of Prophecy’. The introduction focuses on the intellectual context of early Islam, and especially on the key issue of establishing the Quran as a text which existed in some form from the earliest period. This is obviously crucial to the way in which we view this document. Those who tended towards Crone’s view argue that the Quran is a later construction, put together from legendary sayings of the Prophet. It is held by this school to be a collection of sayings

Abraham Lincolns Role in the Civil War Term Paper

Abraham Lincolns Role in the Civil War - Term Paper Example Enslavement, nevertheless, was the chief cause of the ever-increasing political conflict and opposition around the 1850s.There were numerous leaders who greatly contributed to the development and, eventually, the conclusion of this four-year war that killed millions of innocent lives. They, in many ways, have shaped and formed what is known as The Civil War today. Whether to instigate or to stifle the war, these leaders have unquestionably played a great part in it. Among these leaders was President Abraham Lincoln. He, throughout his presidency, has greatly molded and influenced the development and the end of this war. He, in a way, played a role in both the start and end of the Civil War. Many factors indeed instigated the Civil War. The trigger that ultimately pushed war into action was Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the presidential elections. During the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party spearheaded by Abraham Lincoln had pushed against magnifying slavery o utside the states in which it previously subsisted.The Republicans intensely promoted patriotism, and in their 1860 manifesto they denounced disunion threats as affirmations of treason. This fervent drive to abolish slavery sprung from President Lincoln’s belief that slavery was the main cause of the war. In his second inaugural address, he said, "These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war.†1 In retort to an anti-slavery Republican as the winner of the Presidential election, nearly a dozen Southern slave states in America affirmed their separation and breakaway from the United States. Many of these Southern whites that belonged to the Confederacy felt that secession had grown to be their only choice, as the people understood that Lincoln was against slavery and approved of Northern appeals. Together, they formed the Confederate States of America, better known universally as the Confederacy. Bot h the leaving presidency of President James Buchanan and the entering government disallowed the validity of secession, regarding it as rebellion. The other eight slave states turned pleas for secession down at this point. There was no nation in the world that acknowledged the Confederacy. As the Confederacy formed, the remaining twenty-five states reinforced the federal administration known collectively as the Union. Conflicts started on the April of 1861, when Confederate powers struck a U.S. military installation located at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. After they severely bombarded the fort, the fort surrendered. A few days later, Lincoln called for a multitude that numbered around 75,000 from the states to recapture the fort and additional national property. Instead of furnishing troops for an assault on their fellow Southern states, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee made a decision to join these states in withdrawal. Lincoln’s response of cal ling for a legion of volunteers led to statements of secession by these four slave states. This reaction to Ft. Sumter was a devastating call for war to support national morality. Only the state of Kentucky made an effort to stay neutral. A congregation of young men all throughout the land was in a great rush to enlist. Both sides built armies as the Union grasped control of the Border States during the early phases of the war and formed a naval barrier. Land combat in the East was indecisive between 1861 and 1862, as the Confederacy retorted Union efforts to seize its capital, Richmond, Virginia, particularly throughout the Peninsular Campaign. In the September of 1862, the Confederate movement in Maryland terminated in defeat at the

Pro Choice IS Pro Life Essay Example for Free

Pro Choice IS Pro Life Essay No woman wants an abortion as she wants an ice cream cone or a Porsche. She wants an abortion as an animal caught in a trap wants to gnaw off its own leg. Frederica Mathewes-Green In a perfect world, every pregnancy would be considered an utmost blessing. In a perfect world, every birth would involve a healthy, beautiful baby-born to absurdly giddy, loving parents- with the promise of basic needs met and creature comforts strived for. In a perfect world, there would be no such thing as an unwanted pregnancy or the hell of having to make the decision whether or not to terminate. Although the opposing sides will likely never be in agreement on the morality of abortion, both sides can surely agree that the world isn’t perfect and that, consequently, not every pregnancy can be cause for joy and happiness. Regardless of where our moral compass points on the issue of abortion, the fact remains that an estimated 40-50 million abortions take place worldwide each year and nearly half of them are illegal, unsafe procedures that result in severe disability and even death. Accordingly, in 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution extended to a womans decision to have an abortion. Some pro-life proponents bitterly objected to the landmark decision, known as Roe v Wade, as if they felt the ruling had â€Å"invented abortion† or somehow created the problem altogether. The unavoidable reality, however, is that the world is imperfect and so abortion happens. Chinese folklore from 500 BCE suggests the ingestion of mercury to induce abortion. It happened in 1550 BCE in ancient Egypt. Hippocrates is noted for having prescribed â€Å"jumping up and down† to his female patients suffering unwanted pregnancy! It happened in ancient Greece in 421 BC. It happened in the Bible in the book of Numbers. Even Plato proclaimed it the right of women to seek early terminations of pregnancies in Theaetetus, circa 360 BCE. Abortion will always happen, as it always HAS happened, and no amount of legislature or religious browbeating will ever change that fact. To be fair, most people who oppose abortion are well intentioned, pious individuals with a reasonable, valid, argument for favoring ‘pro-life’. They feel that abortion is the equivalent of murder; life begins at conception. Their religious faith compels them to believe that a fertilized embryo is a human being and, therefore, entitled to the right to live. This argument, however, is based on an mere assumption rather than factual evidence. Joyce Arthur, a contributing writer for The Pro-Choice Action Network, suggests that the belief that a fetus is a living human being with a right to live is simply irrelevant because â€Å"biology, medicine, law, philosophy, and theology have no consensus on the issue, and neither does society as a whole.† Admittedly, the thought of so many countless aborted fetuses, unborn and unnamed and unloved, is unsettling to even the strongest supporter of a woman’s right to choose. Even so, the pro-choice advocates don’t just see a fetus; they see the whole complicated, imperfect, often sad world where we can’t solve everything. We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children. Joycelyn Elders Pro-choice advocates, in scenarios where abortion isn’t an option, see only neglected and abused children who are born to parents who didn’t want them in the first place. They see children who are hungry because their parents are unable to provide for them. They see children who will never know healthy love or feel any real and lasting sense of security. Ultimately, they see children who will be born against their mothers’ will, fully aware that they aren’t valued by the ones who should value them most, and will do little more with their own troubled lives than perpetuate the vicious cycle of a bent and broken society. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, in December 2003, backs this assertion: â€Å"We offer evidence that legalized abortion has contributed signiÂŽcantly to recent crime reductions. Crime began to fall roughly eighteen years after [Roe v Wade] abortion legalization.† The report concludes its study findings with this rather scathing, but factually based statement: â€Å"Roughly half of the crimes committed in the United States are done by individuals born prior to the legalization of abortion. As these older cohorts age out of criminality and are replaced by younger offenders born after abortion became legal, we would predict that crime rates will continue to fall.† â€Å"Were pro-choice because we know that our faith cannot answer the question of when a fetus becomes a person. We also know that the whole question of fetal personhood is a disingenuous, often malicious, attempt to distract us from the real issue-which is that the woman is a person. She is a person endowed by God, the U.S. Constitution, and common sense decency with rights responsibilities that she must exercise to the best of her ability, using her own best judgment.† -The Reverend Dr. Katherine Hancock Ragsdale Supporters of pro choice see the woman facing an unplanned, unwanted pregnancy in a more compassionate light than do pro life advocates. Those in favor of a woman’s right to choose have the open mindedness needed to recognize the unique and varied circumstances that lead a woman to opt for an abortion. They see rape victims who, after having had control of their bodies taken once, shouldn’t be expected to incubate, give birth to, financially and emotionally support, and somehow manage to love a constant reminder of violence and fear and sexual assault. They see victims of incest who, in reality, are only children themselves. They see loving parents who HAD planned a pregnancy, only to be given heart wrenching news: the baby will suffer extreme birth defects and have no quality of life. They see the straight-A student with a hard earned college scholarship who finds out that she’s pregnant the day before her high school graduation. They see desperate women who fear the judgment of their overly religious families. These are the women who, without access to a safe one, will attempt to perform abortions on themselves or seek the service of an untrained hand, using unsafe procedures, in a non-sterile environment; often with tragic results. According to the World Health Organization in Oct. 2006, back-alley abortions cause 68,000 maternal deaths each year in the 33 countries where abortion is not legal or available†. Understand [that] unwanted pregnancy does not always translate into unwanted births, but the developmental research of children unwanted during pregnancy does suggest that when women say they cannot adequately care for a child, it is of the utmost importance that we listen! -Rachel Needle, PsyD To be pro-choice is to truly care about others and to support a woman’s right not to give birth to a child she feels unable to care for. Despite the Pro Life claim that abortion is â€Å"taking the easy way out†, those in favor of choice realize that an imperfect world sometimes finds a woman in an impossible, desperately terrifying situation. The decision to terminate a pregnancy is far from the ‘easy way out’ and, in many cases, may be the only course of action viable to the mother. The decision not to sentence a child to a life of poverty or sickness or oppression is humane if it is nothing else. Ultimately, being pro choice means working towards a world where abortion is legal and safe and rare. Being pro choice means supporting the right of every woman to decide what’s best for her own future, to act in the best interests of her own physical and emotional wellbeing, and to try her best to do whats right for herself and the family involved. To be PRO-CHOICE is to be, quite literally, PRO (happy, healthy, beautiful) LIFE for everyone. The hope and the promise of such a life, however, can be made possible only through loving-kindness, genuine compassion, and- above all else- the freedom of choice. AbouZahr, Carla. British Medical Bulletin. Oxford Journals. British Medical Bulletin, Dec. 2003. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Arthur, Joyce. Personhood: Is a Fetus a Human Being? THE PRO-CHOICE ACTION NETWORK. The Pro Choice Action Network, Aug. 2001. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Civil Rights. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. . Donahue, John J., III, and Steven D. Levitt. THE IMPACT OF LEGALIZED ABORTION ON CRIME*. Rep. no. Quarterly Report. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 2001. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Russi, Nancy F., PhD. When Pregnancies Are Unwanted. Prochoiceforum.org.uk. Board of Social Ethical Responsibility for Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 05 Mar. 2002. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Sankin, Aaron. Abortion Poverty Study Finds Link Between Lack Of Access And Income. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 14 Nov. 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Smith, Sharon. Abortion Is Every Womans Right. Abortion Is Every Womans Right. N.p., 23 Apr. 2004. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.

literature Review of Hate Crimes

literature Review of Hate Crimes Abstract Hate crime is a term that was born in the 1980s from journalists and policy advocates who were trying to describe crimes of bias against African Americans, Asians, and Jews. From there, the term hate crime expanded and an act was passed that required the tracking of hate crime statistics. These statistics can often be misleading due to the underreporting of hate crimes and the strict requirements surrounding what constitutes a hate crime. Gender based hate crime is the most prevalent, with African Americans being the largest racial group targeted by hate crime. Trends develop in the amount of hate crimes as seen by the recent upswing in hate crimes against Middle Easterners following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Police have responded to hate crime by changing their policies and creating new units to specifically target hate crime. There have been new laws created regarding hate crimes and an enhancement of their punishment in an effort to combat hate crime. Possible solu tions to try to decrease hate crime focus on the early identification of young adults and juveniles who may be prone to commit these acts and the intervention and education of offenders. There must also be a focus on the tactics of law enforcement officers if hate crime is to be reduced. 3 A Study of Hate Crime To better determine how to respond to and handle hate crime, it helps to understand just what hate crime is. An example of hate crime from Shively and Mulford (2007) is, In December 2000, in Brooklyn, New York, Mohammad Awad punched Chaim Spear while yelling obscenities and anti-Semitic remarks (para. 1). This is a very basic example of what can be a very complex criminal act. Specific statistics on just how many hate crimes are committed can be a bit murky due to reporting methods, but one thing that can be gathered from the statistics is that hate crime is not going away anytime soon. Since hate crime is not going away, the appropriate response to hate crime from police and courts is more important than ever. The response of police and courts should also work towards solving the problem of hate crime. That can mean targeting hate crime in youth offenders and possibly preventing it or changing the tactics of law enforcement officers. When studying any problem, a good place to start is determining the origins of the problem. With that being said, hate crime has most likely been around as long as there have been people with differences in religion, race, or sexual orientation trying to live together. But, as pointed out by Shively and Mulford (2007), The term hate crime was coined in the 1980s by journalists and policy advocates who were attempting to describe a series of incidents directed at African Americans, Asians, and Jews (para. 26). The collection of statistics regarding hate crimes began in 1990. It was at this time that the Hate Crime Statistics Act was passed by Congress. The act as defined by Bartol and Bartol (2011), Known as the Hate Crime Statistics Act, it requires data collection of violent attacks, intimidation, arson, or property damage that are directed at a person or group of persons because of race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity (p. 17). During the 1990s, the act was expanded to i nclude disabilities, both physical and mental, as a tracked bias. The Hate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act was also passed during the 1990s to lengthen sentences for perpetrators convicted of hate crimes. While studying hate crime it is apparent that there can be trends in hate crime. African Americans usually top the chart in being the target of hate crime, but a trend that started after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 were an increase of hate crimes against people from the Middle East. One of the more surprising finds from Steinberg, Brooks, and Remtulla (2003) was, Gender-based hate crimes, or crimes against women, are perhaps the most prevalent form of hate crime in general, but the most socially acceptable and prevalent type of hate crime among teenagers and young adults is that targeting sexual minorities (para. 28). This find was surprising to read at first, but after reflection, the find makes sense. In many countries, women are still seen as second-class citizens with less rights and privileges than their male counterparts. Among teenagers and young adults, there is still a negative stigma around being homosexual as seen from some of the slang still used. An examp le of this is hearing a group of students describe something they deem to be bad as gay. The impact these hate crimes have on the victims can be overwhelming and lasting. As described by Bune (2004), Sometimes they blame themselves for being victimized, although they are innocent victims. As a consequence of their victimization, victims may isolate themselves from others and possibly develop strong mistrust of other people (para. 10). The impact on the victims makes it very important to get a clear picture on how prevalent hate crime is. But, because of underreporting, it is very hard to have accurate statistics on just how prevalent hate crime is overall. As stated above, two of the problems with statistics regarding hate crimes is determining what constitutes a hate crime and victims not always reporting the crimes against them in fear of either retaliation or shame. According to research from Shively and Mulford, the FBI found 7,163 hate crime incidents with 8,795 victims in a 2005 study. But, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) using victim interviews and including times when the offender either used hateful symbols or language found 191,000 incidents affecting 210,000 victims. As they explain, The disparity in these two estimates stems, in part, from an important difference in the data collected: the FBI counts only crimes that are reported to the police. For the NCVS, BJS collects information from victims, who are asked if they think hate played a role in the crime (para. 8). This is a huge gap in the two numbers and more than likely, the true scope of the problem lies somewhere in between the two numbers. A specific look at s ome of the groups from the research of Steinberg, Brooks, and Remtulla shows, In 1999, there were 7,876 hate crimes reported, of which 4,295 were motivated by racial bias, 1,411 by religious bias, 1,217 by sexual orientation bias, 829 by ethnicity/national origin bias, 19 by disability bias and 5 by multiple bias (para. 24). With over half of reported hate crimes that were reported being motivated by racial bias, it is clear that race is still an issue in the United States. These statistics can help in responding to hate crime by determining where efforts should be focused. Two main entities focused on hate crime right now are police departments and the court system. Police departments have begun to deal with hate crime by altering their policies regarding how hate crimes are handled and by creating units specifically to deal with hate crimes. One of these policy changes according to Bune is, Establish clearly that the department has zero tolerance to any form of hate crime, regardless of apparent seriousness (para. 6). By doing this, the community will begin to understand that hate crime will not be tolerated and as mentioned above, the penalties for hate crimes can be more severe. The units as described by Shively and Mulford, Many jurisdictions have established hate-crime units in their police departments, and some regional task forces are devoted to investigating hate crime (para. 13). These units have the time to focus on hate crimes specifically and implement strategies in dealing with and hopefully eliminating hate crime. The court system has a t ough balancing act regarding hate crimes. There are many acts that are racially motivated, but because of first amendment rights are protected. One example is cross burning. As explained by Harr, Hess, and Orthmann (2012), Without more evidence to prove a hate crime, cross burning is deemed a protected form of speech (p. 151). The court cannot interpret what is meant by the acts involved even if they are implied. Even without that, there is still the positive regarding hate crime legislation and laws. According to Shively and Mulford, The Federal Government and all but one State (Wyoming) have specific hate-crime laws (para. 10). Even though these laws vary in what they encompass or the enhancement of the penalties, having the laws in place is a step in the right direction regarding handling hate crime. After getting an idea about what hate crime is and tactics to try to combat it, there is another question that must be answered. What can be done to get rid of hate crime or at least significantly reduce the number of hate crimes? One idea from Steinberg, Brooks, and Remtulla is, To prevent future hate crimes, law enforcement agencies, state and federal agencies, public interest groups, and schools have been working together to identify and track hate crimes and to mitigate the conditions that foster them (para. 44). It is not surprising that there is a large amount of hate crimes perpetrated by young adults and juveniles. That developmental period lends itself to trying to fit in and struggling with peer pressure. That is why there must be a focus on young adults and juveniles if hate crime is to be decreased. Three ways this can be accomplished is by tracking the crimes that are being committed and identifying the causation behind them, stopping the recruitment of juveniles to hate groups, and using the data from tracking and identifying the causation of hate crime to intervene and educate at risk juveniles and young adults. Another way to try to reduce hate crime is to alter law enforcement tactics. This can be accomplished in a number of ways, such as police leadership ensuring that departmental policies are followed regarding hate crimes and assisting prosecutors in getting convictions of hate crimes by providing accurate information. A major tactic regarding victims as explained by Bune is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦recognizing the particular fears and distress typically suffered by victims, the potential for reprisal and escalation of violence, and the far-reaching negative consequences of hate crimes on the community, the department will attend to the security and related concerns of the immediate victims and their families (para. 28). There should be a focus on healing and the rights of the victim after a hate crime has taken place. It not only helps the victim a nd their family, but the community as well to see that there is support and that it is okay to report crimes with fear of retaliation. Hate crimes definition has expanded since the 1980s. Even as different groups are added, the importance of focusing on hate crime will not change. Statistics regarding hate crime are very hard to track due to the underreporting of them as well as strict definitions on what the FBI determines to be a hate crime. Over the past few years, police departments and the court system have responded to hate crime by changing their policies, creating new units, and enacting laws centered on hate crime. Some possible solutions to decrease hate crime are to focus on young adults and juveniles and by changing law enforcement tactics regarding hate crime. A final example of hate crime and just how heinous and serious it can be comes from June 1998 in Jasper, Texas. James Byrd, Jr. was a 49-year-old African American man who was walking home from a family party when he was offered a ride home by three known white supremacists. They took him to a remote road and beat him and then dragged him behind th eir truck. The rest of the story as described by Bartol and Bartol, Police found Byrds head, neck, right arm, torso, shoes, a wallet, and other personal items scattered along the route. A mile-long blood trail on the road marked the gruesome scene (p. 18). A scene like the one described is not just another murder. It is the perfect example of the type of hate needed to commit a crime of this magnitude and why there needs to be such a focus on hate crime and its prevention. 9

The Human Brain :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION The human body is divided into many different parts called organs. All of the parts are controlled by an organ called the brain, which is located in the head. The brain weighs about 2. 75 pounds, and has a whitish-pink appearance. The brain is made up of many cells, and is the control centre of the body. The brain flashes messages out to all the other parts of the body. The messages travel in very fine threads called nerves. The nerves and the brain make up a system somewhat like telephone poles carrying wires across the city. This is called the nervous system. The nerves in the body don't just send messages from the brain to the organs, but also send messages from the eyes, ears, skin and other organs back to your brain. Some nerves are linked directly to the brain. Others have to reach the brain through a sort of power line down the back, called the spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The brain doesn't just control your organs, but also can think and remember. That part of the brain is called the mind. PROTECTING THE BRAIN Twenty-eight bones make up the skull. Eight of these bones are interlocking plates. These plates form the cranium. The cranium provides maximum protection with minimum weight, the ideal combination. The other twenty bones make up the face, jaw and other parts of the skull. Another way the brain keeps it self safe is by keeping itself in liquid. Nearly one fifth of the blood pumped by the heart is sent to the brain. The brain then sends the blood through an intricate network of blood vessels to where the blood is needed. Specialized blood vessels called choroid plexuses produce a protective cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid is what the brain literally floats in. A third protective measure taken by the brain is called the blood brain barrier. This barrier consists of a network of unique capillaries. These capillaries are filters for harmful chemicals carried by the blood, but do allow oxygen, water and glucose to enter the brain. THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN The brain is divided into three main sections. The area at the front of the brain is the largest. Most of it is known as the cerebrum. It controls all of the movements that you have to think about, thought and memory.

The Crucible Film Essay -- Movie Revier Miller Crucible

The Crucible Film The Crucible; an intensely emotional and dramatic film based on the horrific story of the Salem witch trials. The opening and concluding sequences are of great importance in conjuring the melancholy atmosphere present throughout the story. The director uses various different devices to achieve this. A variety of camera techniques are used throughout the beginning sequence to enhance the mood and involve the audience. Camera techniques are harmonized with lighting effects to culminate this dramatic scene. I will begin by discussing examples of this. In the village, many close-ups and long shots are used to enhance facial expression and to set the sombre mood. Opening on a zoom shot of Abigail's face, an aura of gloom is created by the cold colour scheme and her shadowed expression. The bleak dà ©cor of the room shown in this scene is used to further emphasize the gothic theme of the film. The camera tracks then tracks her out into the village, it's angle showing the village as she would see it; claustrophobic and dark. This may be used as a visual metaphor implying the repressive, narrow-minded nature of the Salem society. A zoom shot is used to show the other village girls simultaneously rush from their houses after Abigail, towards the grim-looking forest ahead. This illustrates Abigail as the girls' leader, and the fact that the film opens on her establishes her as a main character. As the film changes scene, the camera techniques change likewise. Panning and tracking conjure a sense of tension and chaos, and this effect is teamed with austere colour schemes of purple and blue. The camera is in mid-... ...characters. The first sequence is guaranteed to widen an audience's eyes, getting their heartbeat racing as the tension builds. After the audience is put through feelings of anxiety, happiness and awe throughout the middle of the film, the mood is brought back down to a funereal sombreness, as the "favourite" character is brought to an end. But perhaps this scene could be made even more powerful if more focus was put on the battle for John's conscience, instead of the infidelity of the central character? Also, I think that an alternative end to the finishing sequence could be more effective. When John is hung, this could be shown from his perspective; the onlookers gradually becoming faded as he swung above them. The audience still left to imagine John's final state, this gives a more powerful and enduring image.

A Portfolio Reflection of Three Teaching Strategies and There Usage Essay

This writer has been teaching for the past twelve years; the introduction came at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus after graduating with a BSc. in Sociology and Politics where I first started tutoring in Introduction to Caribbean Politics and Sociology in the undergraduate programme. After three year of working in administration full-time and tutoring part-time, I decided that desk work was not for me as I felt as though I would go out of mind (literally, as the job held no challenges for me and there was no prospects of promotion to anything else but more ‘paper pushing’. To that end I applied to a number of universities in the United Kingdom and was successful. While studying in the United Kingdom for my Masters of Science in Criminology and Criminal Justice, I taught English as a Foreign Language to French and Italian students that summer in 1999. On return from the United Kingdom n September 1999, I started teaching in the Division of General/Continuing Education where I taught Caribbean Politics & Society, Ethics and Citizenship (Cores) and Introduction to Sociology (Elective) to the general college student population; and resume tutoring in the Department of Government, Sociology and Social Work in the Faculty of Social Sciences, Cave Hill Campus. In April 2000 I started teaching in the Division of Commerce in the Department of Government and Political Studies and have since become the Head of the Department with responsibility for the Politics programme. During the summer of that year I lectured Introduction to Sociology in the Summer School Programme. I was asked to design a course for the Regional Police Training Centre to replace a previous course; this was called The Sociology of Crime and I was asked to teach the same. My interest in teaching also led me to create a number of courses at the college and one such course, The Sociology of Crime (Corrections Aspect) was adopted by the Training Division for an accelerated training course 2 for Prison Officers at Her Majesty’s Prisons; this I was also co-opted to teach as well. To date I remain the Head of Department, Government and Political Studies and I am a part-time lecturer/tutor in FOUN 1301 – Law, Governance, Economy and Caribbean Society at the Cave Hill Campus, a part-time lecturer in Drugs and Society (Summer School Programme), a part-time Tutor at the Regional Police Training Centre and Her Majesty’s Prisons Dodds. The portfolio has been defined as â€Å"a systematic and organised collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor growth of the student’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes in a specific subject area† (Blake et al. 1995). Others (DeBruin-Parecki, et al. , 1997) have provided a more contemporary view which envisions the portfolio as â€Å"a purposeful, collaborative, self-reflective collection of student work generated during the process of instruction†. This paper is intended to help the writer to systematically gauge her progress toward the teaching profession by developing a portfolio. More importantly, it is intended to help other teacher candidates think reflectively on their decisions and experiences. Institutions of higher learning across the nation are responding to political, economic, social and technological pressures to be more responsive to students’ needs and more concerned about how well students are prepared to assume future societal roles. Faculty are already feeling the pressure to lecture less, to make learning environments more interactive, to integrate technology into the learning experience, and to use collaborative learning strategies when appropriate. The emphasis of learning to learn in curriculum reform has signaled to teachers to adopt student-centred strategies of teaching and different modes of assessment. The basis for the foregoing can be found in the Ministry of Education White Paper on Education Reform (1995). During the researcher’s years of teaching she has observed some unfavourable social skills being displayed by students in the classroom. Simple courtesies such as sharing or 3 saying â€Å"good-morning† appear to be disappearing from the habits of some students. This is symptomatic of the serious underlying problems in our society that need to be addressed urgently. The regularity with which some reference is made to the conduct of our youth, whether it is by teachers, parents, the media or society as a whole is disconcerting. If not curbed, these children take negative behaviours into their adult lives and this can be detrimental to the society as a whole. Cooperative/collaborative learning, portfolio assessment and problem solving/critical thinking, as an alternative assessment, are increasingly being used in higher education facilities around the world and here at the Barbados Community College, specifically in the Department of Government and Political Studies. Before embarking on this course of study, much of the knowledge this writer operated with and under was done based on what was never wanted as a student, the old way of mere â€Å"pallaring†. Notably, the change from listening to teachers teach and answering examination questions to taking the initiative to learn and demonstrating competence with self-selected evidence is a great challenge to the students. This paper first discusses the various constraints and difficulties of using, cooperative/collaborative learning, portfolio and problem solving/critical thinking as assessment and instructional strategies. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for successful use of these three strategies as a useful form of teaching and assessment can be measured at the same time. Included in this paper will be examples of artefacts of each teaching strategy along with a rationale and description of teaching strategy. It can be asserted that many students find the transition into Higher Education quite difficult, particularly if they have not studied for some length of time; also coming from the high school environment the same is obtained as many of these students have been ‘spoon fed’ and find it hard to adopt the new mode of teaching. It is against this backdrop that the writer layout this paper reflecting on various teaching strategies, namely Cooperative/ Collaborating Learning, Portfolios, and Problem Solving/Critical Thinking. Teaching strategies can be defined therefore as ways in which instructional material and activities are presented and conducted in an effort to meet the needs of every student. Notably, teaching strategies will vary from tutor to tutor and is usually based upon which method/strategy (ies) a particular tutor is most at ease in using and its effectiveness. On the other hand a teaching method is a way of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities. The use of this portfolio is designed as an educational tool to present knowledge gain through thorough reading and based on the information presented by the various groups in the course. This teaching strategy can be used to improve the attitudes and performance of Tutors and Teachers within the classroom. It consists of reflections, artefacts and projections on each teaching strategy i. e. ooperative/collaborative learning, portfolios, and problem solving/critical thinking. Notably, establishing clear, practical classroom rules at the start of the school year can help you keep students on track to learning while promoting good behaviour and responsibility. Strategies focused on increasing student participation and learning were developed and implemented in three statics sections of varying sizes over the last two years. Overall student perception of these strategies and their impact on learning in three sections of different size is very favorable. In addition, analysis of student ratings grouped by cumulative GPA indicates different strategies are perceived as helpful by different groups of students. However, implementing a combination of strategies seems to help all groups. Many of these strategies work across all class sizes and do not require significant investment in technology or hardware. However, more work needs to be done to determine the effect of these strategies on actual student learning or performance. 5 A word of caution is appropriate. This paper describes different strategies but it is important to note that strategies by themselves may not improve student learning. How strategies are implemented by the instructor and the instructor’s attitude plays a significant role in student learning. An appropriate quote comes from Louis Schmier: â€Å"Education without caring, without a soul, without a spirit, without purpose beyond subject matter is as viable as a person with a brain but without heart. Pedagogy, technology, and techniques are no substitute for love and caring†. A Reflective Paper on the use of Cooperative/Collaborative Learning as a Teaching Strategy Cooperation is working together to accomplish shared goals. Within cooperative activities individuals seek outcomes that are beneficial to themselves and beneficial to all other group members. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximise their own and each other’s learning. The idea is simple. Class members are organised into small groups after receiving instruction from the teacher.

Autumn and Spring

Autumn and spring are my favorite seasons. Spring is the season between winter and summer. Autumn, or fall, is the season between summer and winter. Both seasons are beautiful. Although there is beauty in the seasons of fall and spring, there are also some distinctions between them, such as weather, color, and activities one can do during that time. In spring, temperatures rise as the days get longer. In later years, I have come to like spring weather after suffering the cold of winter. More rain tends to fall during this season. Spring is flowery. Leaves on the trees start budding out and begin greening; flowers and grass start growing due to the temperatures getting warmer. Colored flowers with nice smells announces the spring to everybody; we also smell the first cut of grass on a warm spring day. People do gardening in spring time too. Spring is more of a beginning to the trees; while, fall marks the end of their run. Everybody loves to feel free with thin pants and short sleeves in spring. Kids, especially, love to go out and play. They ride their bikes, and if it is a windy day, it is fun to fly kites. Spring is the time for baseball. Spring is a busy time for animals; they sleep all winter and become active again during this time. Many animals will have their young in the spring; when food is plentiful. Furthermore, their young will have time to grow before experiencing a cold winter themselves. Spring is a busy time for people, too. Farmers take care of the newborn animals; and they plant seeds in the fields. People go swimming and sailing for their pleasure. Who can forget the way lemonade tastes on the first day of spring? The fall season is cool with nippy weather. Nothing compares to the color of autumn leaves at the peak of their splendor. Leaves of some trees will turn colors, such as red, yellow, gold, orange, and brown as they all fall to the ground. I love to see the fall colors every autumn. Leaves crunch and crackle under my feet and whirl all around me. The sun goes down so early. Everyone likes the magic of the fall color. Some plants bear fruit. For example, there are apple trees in bloom. Ripe apples falls for eating, baking, and caramel apple making. The next interesting thing is the pumpkin. People choose a great big pumpkin, carve a face, make a ack-o-lantern, and roast the seeds. Halloween and Thanksgiving are the main holidays in fall. Football is a favorite game in fall. People do hiking and bicycling activities in the fall season. One day trees are all bare, leaves have fallen everywhere and there is an icy chill in the air. Very soon winter will be here. Animals will store and eat food to prepare for hibernation or dormancy. Earthworms tunnel down where the earth does not freeze; squirrels and chipmunks store seeds. We can hear the honking of geese when migrating. We can also can smell burning leaves and smoking woods. Even though there are many differences between these two seasons, there are a couple of similarities, too. First, the length of day and night are the same. Second, both seasons are transitional seasons. Spring precedes summer and fall precedes winter. On the first day of spring and fall (March 20 and September 22) the sun shines exactly over the equator and at that time the day and night time are the same at almost all the places in the world. In both seasons people like to travel. Both seasons are great in many ways. However, I admire the magic of fall colors.